The Engineering Projects

Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun. Today I am going to share my new project’s tutorial which is Variable Voltage Modulation Using LM317 in Proteus ISIS. It is a basic level project but very simple and also used as a base to design large industrial projects. In this project, we are going to control the speed of a DC Motor and the corresponding voltages, appearing across it.

To design this, we will be using LM317k. Basically, it is a Voltage Regulator IC. It has 3 pins. Pin # 2 is for input voltages, marked as VI. Pin # 3 is for output voltages, marked as VO, and pin # 1 is used for Regulating Voltages and it is marked as ADJ. Further, if you notice the circuit diagram, which is given in the figure, then you will see that pin # 1 is connected to a Potentiometer. Potentiometer is a Variable Resistor device and it is also known as Voltage Divider. The feature of this electronic device is that, we can adjust the voltage through it according to our own choice. It operates on 12 Volts and it gives us ease that, we can adjust its voltages from 0 to MAXIMUM (which is 12 volts in most cases). Further if we notice the circuit, then we will see that a LED is connected in parallel with a simple DC motor and a voltmeter is also connected in parallel with Motor to monitor the voltages appearing across it. Above information was a little demo about the individual components of the circuit, now let’s be practical and move towards Hardware and see how actually Electronic components respond.

Dear friends, you can Download the simulation of Variable Voltage Modulation Project using LM317 by clicking on below button:

Download Variable Voltage Modulation Project using LM317

Variable Voltage Modulation Using LM317 in Proteus ISIS

First of all, place all the components in Proteus workspace, as shown in image:

A 12-Volt DC supply is provided to input pin (# 2) of LM317 and potentiometer is connected to Adjustable pin of LM317, which is, pin # 1.
At output pin we have connected DC Motor and a Voltmeter is also connected in parallel with Motor.
The complete circuit, ready for simulation is shown below in image:

Stage # 1

Set the potentiometer at 0% and run the simulation, you will notice that Motor will rotate very slowly in clock-wise direction and 1.25 volts will appear on the voltmeter across it. If all the connections are OK, and when you will run the simulation, it will look like as shown in the image below:

Stage # 2

Now, set the potentiometer value to 11% and you will see that, Motor will start to rotate with a faster rate and on voltmeter scale, we will see 6.40 volts. In this setting, the interesting thing is, LED will start to Flash and it will turn ON & OFF automatically. This phenomenon can be seen in images below:

Stage # 2 is our transient stage. When the potentiometers setting is below 11%, voltage appears across the motor and it also rotates but LED doesn’t glow. On the other hand, when potentiometers setting is above 11%, then LED glows continuously while motor also rotates as before, and voltmeter also gives some particular values of voltages appearing across the motor.

Stage # 3

Now at final stage, set potentiometer to 100% and you will observe that motor is rotating with full speed and voltmeter reading will be 10.6 volts while LED is glowing continuously. This stage of the simulation can be seen in the image below:

Now, we can conclude that, LM317 is the monitoring device of this circuit. We can set the value of potentiometer according to our own choice and by this, the speed of motor can be controlled and also the corresponding voltages, appearing across it.

Alright friends, that’s all for today and in the coming posts, we will discuss such more projects. Till than take care and be safe !!!

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Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun. Today I am going to share my new tutorial which is Sequential LED Blinking Using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS. If you recall our one of previous tutorials, which was ‘Multiple LED Flashing Project Using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS’, but in today’s tutorial we are going to take the same concept to a next level and we are going to make the LEDs blink in either ascending or descending order.

It is a very simple tutorial like the previous one, but the only change is, in this project we have added a Shift Register (4017) next to 555 Timer. 4017 is a Serial IN Parallel OUT Shift Register, which means, at input port it takes data in Serial manner and at output port it will give data in Parallel manner. All types of register needs a clock pulse to operate and this clock is provided by Timers or Micro controllers. In this project we will be using 555 Timer to generate clock pulse. 555 Times gives clock pulse at pin # 3 abbreviated as ‘Q’ pin. And this clock pulse is given at pin # 14 of Shift Register abbreviated as ‘CLK’ pin. Shift Register (4017) has total 15 pins. 2 input pins, 10 output pins. Input data is given at pin # 13, which is called ‘Enable’ pin and register shifts the data sequentially at its output pins. Shift register has 10 output pins which means it is a 10-bit shift register, which means it executes 10-bit data simultaneously. Now dear friends, let’s move towards the hardware of the project but as you know, practice makes a man perfect. Try to do it with your own hand so that, you get to know the practical applications of electrical components in person.

Dear friends, you can also Download the complete simulation of the Sequential LED Blinking Project using 555 Timer, by pressing on the button given below:

Download Sequential LED Blinking Project Using 555 Timer

Sequential LED Blinking using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS

Threshold voltage for 555 Timer is 5 volts, and when voltages exceeds this level, 555 timer triggers and it generates a output pulse at its output pin which is ‘Q’ pin.
While designing the circuit, First of all 555 Timer will come, secondly Shift Register (4017) will be connected with it and at the end we will plug LED’s. The complete circuit flow diagram is shown in figure below:

Now coming towards the designing of the project, first of all, place the components in your Proteus workspace, as shown below in image:

Now Output pulse from 555 Timer is connected to input ‘CLK’ pin of Shift Register.
Since the register being used is 10-bit, and its outputs are Q0~Q9. The pins Q0~Q5 are connected to LED’s D6~D1 respectively.
After that Register output pin Q6 is also connected to LED (D2) and it becomes parallel with Q4. Now LED, (D2) has 2 parallel inputs and it becomes HIGH (turns ON) if any of the two Inputs is HIGH.
Next we connect the Register output pin Q7 to LED (D3) and then it becomes in parallel with Q3. After doing that LED, (D3) has 2 parallel inputs and it becomes HIGH, if any of the 2 inputs is HIGH.
After doing that, now we connect register’s output pin (Q8) to LED (D4) and then it also becomes in parallel with Q2, and LED will start glowing if any of the 2 inputs will be HIGH.
Now at the end, we connect Q9 to LED (D5), and then it becomes in parallel with Q1. Now D5 has 2 inputs (Q9 &Q1) and LED will glow if any of the 2 inputs will be HIGH.
Now at the end, If you have connected all the components in exact order, and all the connections are OK then, the exact simulation will look like as shown below:

Now if we run the Proteus simulation and observe it closely, then we will see that, 555 Timer is continuously generating PWM and the Shift Register set’s its output ports HIGH from Q0~Q9 respectively.
First of all Register’s output pin # Q0 becomes HIGH and it send signal to LED (D6) and LED will start glowing. You can also observe this phenomenon in the image given below:

Then pin # Q1 becomes HIGH and it send signal to LED (D5) and D5 starts glowing. This can be observed in the figure given below:

Then register’s output pin Q2 becomes HIGH and sends signal to LED (D4) and D4 starts glowing. This can also be observed in the figure given below:

Then Register’s output pin Q3 becomes HIGH and send signal to LED (D3) and this LED starts glowing. This stage can be seen in the figure given below:

Then Register’s pin Q4 becomes HIGH and sends signal to LED (D2) and this LED (D2) starts glowing. This process is shown in the image given below:

And in the next step, Register gets its pin # Q5 HIGH and send signal to LED (D1) starts to glow. This process can be seen in this figure:

This process keeps on going and when the Register;s next pin becomes HIGH, which is Q6, then it again sends signal to LED (D2) and it starts to glow, and so D3,D4,D5 will glow respectively, and this sequence of LED’s blinking will continue, until you stop it manually or by yourself.
In the beginning, when LED’s Started to blink from Left to Right which was (D6 to D1) , this sequence is called Forward Sequence.
After that, LED’s started to blink from Right to Left which was (D1 to D6), this sequence is called Reverse or Backward Sequence.
We can summarize this whole sequence into a tabular shape, and this table is given in the figure below:

This process keeps on going and LED’s keeps on glowing in a beautiful sequence. These type of projects are generally used for decoration purposes.

Alright friends, that’s all from this post. I hope today, you people have learn something new and informative. In the coming tutorials, we will discuss something new regarding 555 Timer applications. Until than, Take Care and Be Safe !!!

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Hello friends, hope you all are fine and enjoying in your life. On a friend’s request, today I am going share a new and a very important Tutorial which is How to Design a DC Power Supply in Proteus? This project is very simple and of basic level but importance of this project is that it is used as a base in almost all large electronics project, designed now-a-days.

While designing DC Power Supply in Proteus, we will be using Voltage Regulator IC, which is commonly known as 7805. It can be guessed from its name “Voltage Regulator” which means it is going to regulate or change the voltage level of supply voltage. As you know that, most types of batteries available in market are of 12 volts. We can also design batteries of different voltages like 6 volts, 24 volts etc. The reason why all the batteries are of 12 volts is that, we have set these ’12 volts’ as a reference and all the other electrical equipment are designed so to operate on these 12 volts. Now, problems comes that all the sensitive electronic equipment are designed to operate on 5 volts. Now, as I described earlier that, voltage source available is 12 volts and the operating equipment need 5 volts to operate. So, we need an intermediate source or such type of DC Power Supply, which can convert the source voltage (12 volts) to operating voltage (5 volts). This problem is eliminated by using 7805 IC, and that’s why it is called Voltage Regulating IC.

So dear Friends, today we will design such circuit which will be able to change Voltage Level and will provide us our desired voltages. But as I always say, that practice makes a man perfect. Try to design it yourself so that, you also get to know the real application of Voltage Regulator IC. You can also download the complete simulation of the above described project by simple clicking on the button given below:

Download DC Power Supply Project in Proteus

How to Design a DC Power Supply in Proteus

Voltage Regulating IC 7805 has 3 pins.
Pin # 1 is used as input pin and it is connected to supply voltages. It is marked as (VI). DC +12 volts are applied to this pin.
Pin # 2 is called common or ground pin. It is marked as (GND). The whole circuit’s common is applied to this pin.
Pin # 3 is the output pin of 7805. If 12 volts are applied to its input than it automatically generates 5 volts on this pin. This pin is marked as (VO).
Now, moving towards the designing of the hardware, first of all place all the components in Proteus workspace, as shown in image below:

In Hardware implementation, first off all apply source voltage (12 volts) to the input pin of 7805 IC. 2 capacitors are also connected in parallel with the source voltage and their ratings are 1000 uf and 100pf respectively.
On the other side of IC, we also connect 2 capacitors parallel to the gained output voltage (5 volts), and their ratings are 100pf and 100uf respectively. And a LED is also connected in parallel on the load side.
If you have placed all the components in their perfect place and all the connections are OK, then the resultant proteus simulation will look like as shown in the below image:

Now if you closely observe the above image then you will notice that Capacitors connected across the 12 volts are of HIGH rating while the Capacitors connected across LED are of LOW rating. The purpose of applying capacitors is to remove noise from our DC voltages. As, we all know that DC voltage source available in market is not that much pure. So, to get pure DC wave Capacitors are connected across it.
Now when you will run the final simulation then it will look like, as shown in the image given below:

As you can see that when i ran the simulation, the LED started to glow. Now here is an important thing to note that i have applied a resistance in series with LED. The value of resistance is very low, and very low voltages appear across this resistor. This resistor limits the current and if we directly connect the LED then, their will be chances that the LED may burn out.
We can justify it as: From ohms law : V=IR, and by rearranging it, we get : I=V/R .
Now if we remove resistor then R=0, which means: I=V/0 and it lead us to conclude that: I= infinity or maximum in this case. So the only purpose of the resistor is to limit current.

Alright friends, that’s all for today, I hope I have conveyed some knowledge and helped you people in some way. If you have some queries, then ask in comments. Subscribe us via email to get these tutorials straight in your inbox. Till next tutorial, take care and be safe !!!

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Hello friends, hope you all are fine and enjoying. Yesterday I got a mail from a friend, and he requested me to explain a tutorial about Seven Segment Display. So today, I am going to share my new project tutorial which is Seven Segment Display using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS. It is a very simple project to understand Modern Digital Electronics.

As you all know, now a days all the Digital Display’s uses Seven Segment Display. So first of all let’s have a little introduction about Seven Segment Display. How they are fabricated and how their LED’s glow in such a beautiful manner? Seven Segment Display (SSD) is the form of electronic device, used to display decimal numbers. Seven Segment Displays are commonly designed in Hexagonal shape but according to our project’s requirement we can also design them in some other shapes like rectangle, triangle, trapezoid etc. Seven Segment Displays may uses LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) or LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) for each display segment. In Seven Segment Display all the positive terminals (Anode) or all the negative terminals (Cathode) are brought together to a common pin and such arrangements are known as “Common Anode” or “Common Cathode” arrangement. In this project we will be using Common Cathode arrangement and Hexagonal shape of Seven Segment Display. A simplest form of Seven Segment Display is shown in the image below:

From the above shown image, we can see that we have total 7 LEDs and we will make them glow in such a scheme that the final image will look like a Numerical number. Now if you recall one of our previous project tutorial which was ” Sequential LED Blinking using 555 Timer“, In that project, we are using a 555 Timer in collaboration with a Shift Register. 555 timer continuously provides clock to the Shift Register and Shift Register gives data to its output pins in parallel manner. In today’s project, we are also going to use the same concept. We will use a 555 Timer which will continuously provide clock to Shift Register it will enable it’s pin accordingly. We can gather this whole information into a single table and also the sequence in which LED’s will blink. Such table is called TRUTH TABLE and it is shown in the image given below:

In the above image, ‘1’ means ON state and ‘0’ means OFF state of a particular LED of Seven Segment Display. Above was a little introduction of Seven Segment Display and now, lets move towards Hardware and see How this beautiful display is actually formed.

You can download the complete simulation of above project by simply clicking on the image given below:

Download Seven Segment Display Project Using 555 Timer

Seven Segment Display Using 555 Timer

First of all place all the components in your Proteus workspace, as shown in the image given below:

First of all 555 Timer is installed, after that a Shift Register is added. 555 Timer will give clock to the Shift Register. Since we are using common cathode arrangement. So, the 7 input pin of SSD are connected to the output pins of Shift Register and the common cathode pin is connected to circuit’s main cathode. If you have placed all the components in their exact positions and all the connections are OK. then, the resultant simulation will look like as shown in the image below:

Now if you look closely at the upper portion of the image then, you will notice that i have added 2 buttons in the circuit. Left Button in Button # 1 and Right Button is Button # 2.
If both the Buttons are kept open and when you will run the simulation then, numerical values will start to come on seven segment display. you can also see it in the below image:

Now the switching of button # 1 includes a very interesting feature. First of all play the simulation and Digits will start to run on Seven Segment Display and at any stage when you will press Button # 1 then Seven segment display will vanish but counting will keep on going in the back. And when you will open the Button#1 again then it will show that digit, up-to which counting have reached. Below is a very interesting feature included:

During State#1 when Seven Segment Display was showing digit no.2 , we pressed button#1 then, display vanished which can be seen in the state#2. After that when we re-opened the switch#1 then, Seven segment display didn’t show the digit no.3 but it shows digit # 8. and this thing can be seen at state#3.
Now moving forward, the function of switch # 2 is very simple and easy. During simulation running, when we will press the Button # 2 at any instant then, display will immediately stop at that point. So, we can say that this project can also be used as stop watch and button # 2 controls the stop watch. It can also be seen in the image below:

Seven Segments Displays have a large no of applications. Some of them are listed below:

Digital Clocks.
Electronic Meters.
Basic Calculators.
Electronic Devices to Display Numerical Values. (Generally 14-segments or 16-segments display is used to display full alphanumeric values).

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Hello friends, I hope you all are fine and enjoying. Today i am going to share my new project’s tutorial which is “How to use Capacitive Touch Sensor in Proteus ISIS”. It is a very interesting project, and we will be using a 555 Timer while designing this project. If you recall our previous project tutorial which was “Angle Control of Servo Motor using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS“, in which 555 timer was generating PWM and was controlling the rotating angle of servo motor.

Now in this project, we have a little different context and now we will be using a 555 Timer in collaboration with Capacitive Touch Sensor. First of all, lets have a little introduction of Capacitive Touch Sensor. Well, if we talk broadly then, in Electrical Engineering Capacitive Touch Sensing is a Technology used in Capacitive Coupling. Capacitive Coupling is a technology which takes Human Body’s Capacitance as an input and it measures anything which has a potential difference or which is conductive or any static object which has a dielectric difference from that of air. While designing this technology, one side of the insulator is coated with the conductive material and a very small voltage is applied to this conductive layer. Now after applying the voltages to the conductive layer, a uniform electrostatic field is formed. After that if any conductor (suppose human finger) will come within the vicinity of this field or it touches the other non coated layer of the insulating material then a capacitor will be dynamically formed and if potential difference between both bodies is HIGH then the current will start to flow. That was a little introduction of Capacitive Touch Sensor, and now lets be practical and move towards the Hardware of the Above described tutorial.

You can download the complete simulation of above described project by simply clicking on the button given below:

Download Capacitive Touch Sensor in Proteus

How to use Capacitive Touch Sensor in Proteus

In this project, we are using 555 Timer in collaboration with Capacitive Touch Sensor. A 555 timer is an 8 pin IC. Pin # 6 is called threshold pin and for 555 timer threshold level is 5 volts.

So, 555 timer will trigger above 5 volts and it will generate output which can be collected from pin # 3 represented as ‘Q’ which is output pin of 555 timer.
While moving toward the simulation of project, first of all place all the components in the Proteus workspace, as shown in the image given below:

First of all we have place Capacitive Touch Sensor and after that we have placed a NPN transistor, then 555 Timer will come and at the output of 555 Timer we have added a LED. The complete circuit diagram ready for simulation is shown in the image given below:

As long as the finger is out of the vicinity of the electrostatic field, no potential difference occurs and the LED remains in the OFF state.
Now if we move the finger towards Capacitive Touch Sensor, then and when the potential difference reaches up to 0.6 volts, then 555 triggers and it generates output voltages across LED which are 5 volts but in some cases voltages are lost due to series connected resistances. This phenomenon is shown in below image:

Now if we further move the finger and take it completely near the sensor, then at this point max potential difference will occur between both point (finger and conductive layer). An important thing to note here is that, we have change the location of our interrupt ( finger) but, same voltages are appearing across LED which are 4.91 volts in this case. It can also seen in the figure given below:

Now, if we summarize the whole project, then we have seen that the movement of finger is in fact controlling our output. When the finger was out of vicinity of the sensor, then LED was OFF. When we moved the finger in forward direction and came in the vicinity of Electrostatic field, then Sensor gives signal to 555 Timer and Timer makes LED to glow.

Applications Of Capacitive Touch Sensor

Capacitive sensing touchscreens are now a days commonly used in Digital Audio Players, Mobile Phones and Tablet Computers. Capacitive touch sensors also have the ability to replace Mechanical Buttons. Back in 1928 Russians invented a music instrument known as “Theremin” , in which The Instrument Player was able to control the volume and pitch of the sound without physically touching the instrument. Capacitive Touch Sensors are of basic level but they are back bone of large industrial projects and are widely used in designing some other sensors like:

Position sensor.
Humidity sensor.
Fluid or Water level sensor.
Proximity sensor etc..

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Hello friends, I hope you all are fine and enjoying. Today i am going to share my new project tutorial which is Relay Control Using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS. Up till now, i have explained a large no of tutorials using 555 Timer, like: Angle Control of Servo motor using 555 Timer, Seven Segment Display using 555 Timer, Sequential LED blinking Using 555 Timer and many more. In all these projects, i have explained the pin configuration and operating voltages of 555 Timer.

Now in today’s project, it can be understood from it’s name (Relay Control Using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS), that we are going to operate and control a Relay through 555 Timer. First of all, if we define the relay, then we can say that, ‘Relay is a Electrical switch which operates Mechanically’. Although some relays operate automatically but since we are working on a very basic project and we will be controlling the relay from an external mean and for this we will use a mechanical switch. Mechanical switch is in fact a button and we can turn it ON or OFF according to our own choice.It is a very simple and easy project and most of its contents have been described in the earlier tutorials. So, i am not going into much detail and without wasting any time, lets move towards the Hardware of the circuit. But its my personal advice, try to do design the project yourself and get to know the practical applications of 555 Timer in person.

You can also Download the complete simulation of above described tutorial by simply clicking on the button given below:

Download Relay Control Project Using 555 Timer

Relay Control Using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS

First of all place all the components in your Proteus workspace as shown in the image given below:

Now connect supply voltage (+5 volts) to Vcc pin of 555 Timer.
At output pin of 555 Timer, which is pin # 3, we will connect our load. By load we mean a 5 volts relay and a simple DC motor is connected next to the relay.
As i told earlier that we are using a manual relay, so a simple push Button is also connected between pin # 3 and relay.
If you have connected all the electronic components in their exact place, then the final simulation will look like as shown in the image given below:

If you notice the image closely, then you will observe that a Diode is also connected in parallel with the relay coil.
A Relay contains a coil. When voltage source is applied across one end of the Relay and the other end is connected to the ground, then relay gets energized. And when we remove the source voltages then, it still remains energized and the stored charge tends to flow the reverse current.
The reason to connect the Diode is that it blocks the reverse current and only allows the forward current to pass through it.
Now run the simulation, if button is kept in OFF state then, voltage will appear across the Relay but it will not operate. To run the load,which is Motor in this case, we will have to turn the switch ON. Which can be seen in the image given below:

As you can see in the above image, when the switch was in ON state, then relay gets no signal and doesn’t operate. As we move the switch from ON state to OFF state, then relay gets the signal and it starts to operate the load.

Alright Friends that was all for today’s tutorial. I hope i have conveyed something new today. If you have any questions, then don’t hesitate to ask in comments and i will try my best to resolve them. Follow us through email to get tutorial straight in your inbox. Till next tutorial, Take care and Be Safe !!!

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Hello friends, I hope you all are fine and enjoying life. Today i am going to share a new project tutorial which is How to create a GUI in MATLAB ? First of all, lets have a little introduction that what is meant by GUI? How it is created and what are the uses and applications of GUI? GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. We all know the basics of MATLAB that it is used for creating complex algorithms and to create Simulink simulation, but we don’t know that it aalso has another feature which is to create GUIs. The algorithms developed in MATLAB works on the background and do their tasks while MATLAB also emphasis on the user interaction that’s why it has also provided us with GUI so that we can create a user friendly front end interface for our algorithm.

So, in today’s post, we are gonna have a look at How to create a GUI in MATLAB so that we could also give a user friendly front end to our algorithms. MATLAB GUI has an extensive database with a lot of functionalities, which I can’t cover in one post but atleast today, I will make you able to create a simple GUI and will also explain How to control buttons and edit/text boxes etc. After performing this tutorial, you will be able to try GUI on your own.

So, today we will create a simple project in which we will create a simple GUI as shown in below image. The functionality of this GUI will be that when you click on this START button then the text,you have written in the white edit box will appear at the text box above, as shown in figure below. Let’s get started with the implementation of this GUI. Follow the steps carefully and ask in comments if you got into any trouble.

You can download this GUI by clicking on the below button, but first read the tutorial completely aand try to pratice it by yourself,don”t just download the run the applicationas it won’t give you any help.

Download Simple GUI Project in MATLAB

How to Create a GUI in MATLAB ?

First of all, when you will open your MATLAB software then, the first window opened will look like as shown in the image below.This is the simple workspace of MATLAB, now in order to open theGUI toolbar, you have to write “guide” in the workspace as I did below:

After writing the “guide” in command window, hit ENTER and a new small window will open up as shown in the below image, from here we will start creating our GUI.

As you can see in this small window, there are two tabs, one tab is named as Create New GUI, which has the options for creating your GUI for the first time while the second tab is named as Open Existing GUI, which is used for opening the already designed GUIs and as we haven’t designed any GUI yet so we will remain in the first tab and will select blank GUI from the list and hit Enter.
Then press “OK” button and as you will complete the action, a new window will immediately open and it will look like as shown in the image given below:

This is the place where we are gonna create our GUI. The left side toolbar is showing the controls which we will drag aand drop in the main window and will design our GUI.
Let’s first have a look at the left side toolbar controls. On the top left side of the bar, the first button is to select ‘cursor’ . Below curser button we have icon of ‘Push Button’. Next to that we have ‘side scroll bar’. Then comes ‘Radio Button’ and ‘Check Box’. Then we have most important buttons which are ‘Edit text bar’ button and ‘Static text bar’ button. Below are also some other buttons and you can also explore them by simply clicking on them.
Now we are going to make a very small and simple interface, in which we will first select a ‘button’ and then we will select ‘Edit text bar’ and ‘static text bar’ and we will make the arrangement in such a way that, when we will press the button then, data will move from Edit text box to Static text box.
Now click on the ‘button’ icon and the next thing which will happen on the window will be like as shown in the image below:

Now if you want to change the properties of the button, either you want to change its name or you want to change its setting then, simply double click the button and a new window will open, which will be as:

As you can see in the above image that a new window has been opened and it has a large no of options.
To change the name of push button, go to ‘string’ option and here you can change its name.
In above image, you can clearly see that, i have replaced the name ‘Push Button’ by ‘Start’.
Now click on the Play icon in the top toolbar which is used to run the GUI. After doing that, a new window will open, which is shown in the below image:

This new window in above figure is the back end programming of this GUI created automatically by MATLAB, here we are gonna add all the codes for our ontrols.
Now we want to add a static text box and we will select it from tool bar manually.
And if you again want to change its name then, we will double click on that. Go to slide option and and write whatever you want to write there.
All this process is shown in the below image:

Now i want to write our official site address, which is “www.TheEngineeringProjects.com” .
And when i will press OK button then our GUI window will look like as shown in the below image:

This time, I have not only changed the name of this text box but have also changed the font size and color that’s why it is appearing now in light blue color and its font size has also increased. So, now you must have the idea that you can control all the properties and can make it literaly a new thing. The only thing stopping you is your imagination.
In the same manner we will select edit text box.
Now by doing all this, actually i want to write some data in Edit Text Box and when i will press Start button then, data will move from Edit Text Box to Static Text Box.
To implement this logic we need to load a function code in ‘Start’ button. To load the code, right click on the Start button and a new window will open as shown in the image below:

As shown in the above image when you will go to the ‘view callbacks’ option and a next window will open direct to it and then click on the ‘call back’ button.
After that a new window will open which will be representing the code which has been uploaded in the ‘Start’ button.
This window is shown in the below image:

Now code has been uploaded and the very next window which will open, will be of ‘Edit Text Box’ .
Here you can write anything which you want to Display in ‘Static Text Box’.
So in this window, i am writing my tutorials title, which is “How to create a GUI in MATLAB”.
It can be seen in the below image:

When you will press Enter then, immediately an-other button will open which will be representing that our data has been moved to ‘Static Text Box’.

As you have seen that our Final Display is same. Which means we have moved data from Edit Text Box to Static Text Box.
The code added in the button CallBack is as follows:

x = get(handles.edit1,’String‘); %edit1 being Tag of ur edit box
if isempty(x)
fprintf(‘Error: Enter Text first\n‘);
else
set(handles.text2,’String‘,x)
end

Alright Friends, that was all from today’s post and i hope you have learned something new. Don’t feel shy to ask anything in comments. Till next tutorial take care !!

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Hello friends, I hope you all are fine and enjoying. Today i am going to share a new project which is Fault Detection of Gas Turbine in MATLAB. In this project, i will try to elaborate that, What is a Gas Turbine? What are the operating parameters of a Gas Turbine? Mostly what type of Faults and Vibrations comes in Gas Turbine system during its operation? Gas Turbine is also called a Combustion Turbine. It has Four Basic components which includes Compressor, Combustion Chamber, Turbine and Alternator.

Generally compressor is installed upstream and the Rotating turbine is connected downstream and the Combustion Chamber is connected in between both of them and at the end of line we have Alternator which is also connected on the same shaft.Gas Turbine operates on “Brayton Cycle”. Gas Turbine can be divided into 2 main sections, COLD Section and HOT Section, as shown in the above feature image. COLD Section includes Compressor and the HOT Section includes Turbine and and Exhaust portion. First of all, Compressor in-takes the Fresh atmospheric air and after compression it gets to high pressure, next comes the Combustion Chamber in which fuel is sprayed continuously and ignites the air so that combustion generates a High-Temperature Flow. In the next stage, this high temperature and high pressure gas enters into turbine and it releases its energy to turbine blades and the Turbine starts to rotate. A synchronous generator is also connected on the same shaft of the Turbine and when turbine gets to its rated rpm, then synchronous generator starts to generate electricity. Gas Turbines are of different Sizes and Ratings. The operation of Gas Turbine includes to monitor a large no of parameters. For example During the operation of Gas Turbine, a large no. of equipments are operating simultaneously and there are always chances of some fault occurrence and some abnormal vibrations. Although we also have a large no of primary and secondary protection equipments installed but we still need very careful monitoring of the system for its safe operation. Gas turbines are widely used in aircraft engines, trains, ships and coupled with electrical generators to generate electricity.

It was quite a tough job of design the Model of Gas Turbine in Simulink and it includes a lot of our team efforts, so we haven’t made it a open source and we have placed a very small amount for this which is, 10$ only. You can click on the above button to purchase the complete control model of Gas Turbine in Simulink. Above was a small introduction about the basic components of Gas Turbine and their operation. Now lets move towards the designing of the Fault Detection of Gas Turbine in MATLAB.

Fault Detection of Gas Turbine in MATLAB

In order to observe the Fault Detection of Gas Turbine in MATLAB, we are gonna use Simulink which is available in MATLAB.
The complete Simulink model of Gas Turbine is shown in the image given below:

First of all fresh air from atmosphere is entered into the system and and next to that we have a ‘Reference Filter’, which removes dust particles from air.
Next to that, we have a Mu- Law compressor and to see the other properties of this compressor you will select that icon and then right click on it, a window will open and then you will click on option ‘look under mask’ .
When you will click that option, a new window will open in Simulink and it will be representing the actual parameters of Mu-Law compressor.
You can see that in the figure given below:

The output of Mu-Law compressor comes to a summing junction and at this junction, we also have another input which is of Combustor Heat.
The output of the summing junction goes to the combustor delay and exhaust delay.
The output of combustor delay and the exhaust delay is connected to a scope.
The purpose of scope is to see the actual output graphical parameters of the of the combustion delay and exhaust delay and we can also check some abnormalities through it.
The output of combustor relay goes to Gas Turbine Dynamics. It is Gas Turbine built in function and it is used to observe the dynamic behavior of Gas Turbine. The Gas Turbines Dynamics control are shown in the image below:

The output of Gas Turbine goes to ‘Throttle and Manifold’ control. This control is observing the air intake dynamics of the gas turbine.
If you double click on it, then a new window will open which will be showing the embedded close loop system of ‘Throttle and Manifold ‘ control, which can be easily seen in the image given below:

First comes the throttle angle control of gas turbine. It has three inputs.
First input is the Throttle angle ‘Theta’ and this angle is measured in ‘degrees’.
Second input is of the atmospheric pressure which is measured in ‘bar’, as you can see in the above image.
Third input is of the ‘Manifold Pressure’ and it is also measured in bar.
Manifold is actually the output of second control system which is also embedded in the same system.
From above image, we see that on the next stage, output of ‘Throttle Control’ is actually the the input of ‘Manifold Control’ system and second input of manifold system is Engine Speed which is actually the speed of Gas Turbine and it is measured in rad/sec.

The whole output of all the system is Air Charge. As i described earlier that when fresh atmospheric air is burned in the combustion chamber then High Temp and High Pressure Air charge is produced.
Now this High Temp and High Pressure Air charge goes to the next control system which is ‘Induction to power stroke Delay’. In order to observe the properties of this system, you simply double click on the function and a new window will open, which is shown in the image given below:

As you can see in the above image, we have 2 inputs to this system. First one is Air charge and second one is running speed of the turbine.
If you closely observe the image then, you will notice that we have place 2 inputs to control model named as ‘Divide1′. It is actually a comparator and it is continuously comparing the actual running speed of the turbine and the constant reference value.
Whenever speed will deviate from its reference value then error will be generated.
Both these inputs goes to the next control box which is, ‘variable time delay’. It continuously monitors the ratio of air charge flowing into the system and the corresponding turbine speed. For example, whenever the pressure or temp of the inlet steam will vary then, turbine speed will vary and this control model will generate an error, which will tell us that some abnormalities are going on in the system.
Next comes the ‘Engine Torque Control’ . It has 2 inputs. First input is of the Air Charge and the second input is the speed of the Turbine. If you double click on this control model then, a new window will open representing its properties. That window is shown in the image below:

Engine Torque is defined by 4 input parameters. First is Air charge and you can see that Air Charge input also goes to the Stoichiometric Fuel burning mechanism of combustion chamber. This is because the combustion chamber burns the fuel according to already existing temp and pressure of the charged air.
If the temp of the air entering the combustion chamber is much low then, it will have to burn more fuel to get the proper temp and pressure of the air.
Third input is of the ‘Spark Advance’. It monitors that either spark plug is igniting the fuel with proper timing or not. If the spark plug doesn’t ignite the fuel on exact time then, unburnt fuel particles will comes through exhaust hole. and engine will not run smoothly.
Fourth input is of the speed of the turbine. Engine Torque control also monitors the existing speed of the turbine. and turbine is not running with the proper speed then, it will decide either it has to open more fuel to get it to proper speed or there is some issue going with spark ignition system.
All these parameters define the Engine’s torque and if there is any problem with any of the input then output torque will also vary accordingly.
All these system’s output goes to the Function Block Parameters and this block converts angular velocity to rpm. It is in fact a techogenerator.
Techogenerator is in fact a sensor, which is mounted in the shaft of any rotating mechanism and it records the angular speed of the shaft and generates a electrical signal in form of RPMs. It continuously monitors the angular speed of the turbine and then it converts it to RPM.
In the next stage, output of techogenerator goes to the summing junction. This junction has 2 inputs. First input is from techogenerator and the second input is from external disturbance.
External Disturbance has a very important role in defining the safe operation of any system. It not only disturbs the system but in severe conditions, it can also collapse the system.
In the next and final stage, we have a Gear Box model of the Gas turbine. If we double click on it then a new window will open, which will be representing its internal parameters. The internal detail of this control model is shown in the image given below:

It is the most important control model of Gas Turbine. It has only one input which is rpm of turbine and this input is coming from techogenerator.
As you can see in the above given image that, it monitors RPM, Vibrations, Over Vibrations, Dangerous Vibrations and Bearing factor errors.
Now if you note from the above given image then you will see that RPM, we have connected a scope and the factors which needs continuous monitoring are over vibrations and Bearing Factor error.
When we will run the simulation, the the system will monitor it completely from first stage to final stage (which is from inlet fresh air to RPM of Gas Turbine) . If any problem comes in the system then turbine speed will vary.
Dear friends, the beauty of any project’s simulation is that we can put abnormalities in our system and then, we can monitor the system’s behaviour under these abnormalities. This thing helps in improvising new technology and also lead us to a better design of the system.
Now in the above figure, we hava a control model named ‘variation of the system’. when you will double click on that then, a third small window will open, which is shown in the image given below:

If you look closely the option named “Constant value” then here we can change the vibrations inserted in the system. Here we change the value according to our own choice and we will start from 1 and then go to maximum value (12) and observe the behaviour of Gas Turbine.
Now i am going to create some abnormalities on the above system’s and we will see their results and then we will conclude either they are dangerous or not.

RESULTS

We have seen the detailed explanation of “Fault Detection of Gas turbine in MATLAB” and I hope till now you got much familiar with how its operating. So now lets have a look at the results of this simulation.
First of all, i am going to keep vibrations of the system at 1 then i will play the simulation then the Gear Box will generate the following results, as shown in the image below:

Now we can see that as we have set the vibration value to 1 so there’s no errors gennerated by the simulation. In other words, our gas turbine is running smoothly and is not generating any erros.
Now i am going to increase the vibrations of the system and i am going to keep its value 10.Then the generated results are given as:

From above figure, you have seen that System is generating over speeding error and Bearing Factor error but they are not Dangerous yet and system can also run under these conditions.
In the next stage, i am going to increase the vibrations of systems a little more and i will make its value 12. Now we will observe the output of the system from the below figure:

From above figure, we can easily see that i have increase the vibrations of the turbine upto that extend that it has generated the Dangerous alarm. Now we must immediately stop the system and if we didn’t do that, then the system will collapse.
Now i am going to share the graphs of the no. of Scopes we have added in our system.
Output graph of “Scope # 1″ is given in the figure below:

Above graph is of scope#1 and it is representing the curves of ‘Combustor Delay’ and ‘Exhaust Delay’.
The output graph of the next scope, added in the system is given in the image below:

The above figure is showing the curves of 2 different functions. First is Thermocouple Transfer Function and the next is of Temperature Reference.
The output graph of the scope#2 is shown in the image below:

In the above graph, we have 3 curves. Straight curve is of HEAT. Since turbine is running at normal temp and no over heating is produced in it.
The green curve is of Combustion delay and Exhaust Delay. This is a very abrupt curve. To make it smooth,we have added another control model named as “Transfer Function 1″. That’s why the yellow curve is the final curve and it is rather smooth than the other two.
Now in the end, i am going to share the output curve of scope#5, which is shown as below:

The above graph is of the RPM of the turbine. As we can see that in the begining, when the simulation was OFF then, curve was at zero. Then we started the simulation and the infact turbine started and it started to accelerate and it gained it max speed which is 10,000 rpm within 10 seconds. which can be verified from above image.

Alright Friends, the above tutorial was a little bit lengthy but it was very interesting and have a large no of industrial applications. If you have any questions regarding above tutorial then, don’t hesitate to ask and i will try my best to satisfy you. Follow us to get the whole simulations straight in your inbox. Till next tutorial Take Care !!

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Hello Friends, i hope you all are fine and enjoying. Now i am going to share my new project tutorial which is Traffic Signal Control using 555 Timer. Up till now i have uploaded a no. of projects using 555 timer and i have got much appreciation from my friends, for some 555 timer based projects like “How to use Capacitive Touch Sensor in Proteus ISIS” , “Sequential LED Blinking using 555 Timer” and many more.

Now i am going to share another application of 555 Timer and here we will be using a shift register (4017) next to 555 timer to implement Traffic Signal Control circuit. 4017 is a SERIAL IN PARALLEL OUT shift register. Data enters in a serial manner into register and it leaves the register in parallel manner. 4017 is a 10-bit shift register and it needs a clock pulse to shift data from serial input pin to parallel output pins. Now we need a device which can provide continuous clock pulse to Shift Register. Clock pulse is generated either from Micro-controllers or some sort of timers. Here we will be using 555 Timer to generate clock pulse. It is a very easy project to understand and also very simple to implement. These type of projects are generally designed by the Engineering students in their First or Second semester. Now i am done with the theory of the circuit and now lets move towards the designing of the project.

You can also download the complete simulation of the above described project by simply clicking on the button given below:

Download Traffic Signal Control Project using 555 Timer

Traffic Signal Control using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS

First of all place all the components in your Proteus workspace,as shown in the image below:

Threshold voltage for 555 Timer is 5 volts, and when voltages exceeds this level, 555 timer triggers and it generates a output pulse at its output pin which is ‘Q’ pin.
In this project, we will be using a battery of 12 volts as supply voltages.Positive pin (+) of source is connected to Vcc pin of 555 Timer and the Negative pin (-) is connected to GND pin of 555 timer.
Pin#3 of 555 timer is connected to CLK pin of shift register and this pin is the data input pin of shift register. Through this pin, 555 timer send data to shift register.
At output pins of shift register we have connected 3 Leds, RED, YELLOW and GREEN. Same colors which are used in Traffic Signals.
RED led is connected to output pin#12. YELLOW LED has 2 parallel inputs that are pined at pin#10 and pin#11 respectively. Diodes are connected the way of inputs to block reverse currents. YELLOW led will glow if any of the input will be HIGH.
GREEN led has 4 parallel inputs connected at pin# 1,5,6,9 respectively. GREEN led has to blink for longer time, that’s why we have connected multiple inputs to it. GREEN led will keep on glowing as along as any of the input will be HIGH.
If you connected all the components in their exact position and all the connections are OK, then the final circuit will look like as shown in the image below:

Now if you look the above circuit closely then, you will observe that we have connected high valued capacitor (47uf) in the way of trigger pin of 555 timer.
The purpose of capacitor is to produce lag in the clock generated by 555 Timer.
Now when you will play the simulation then LED will start to glow in periodic manner. First RED led will blink, then YELLOW led will glow and in the end GREEN led will start to glow.
All these stages are shown in the image given below:

As you can see that state#1 represents the “STOP” state, which means that traffic has to stop.
State#2 represents “GET READY” state and it means get ready to GO but you are not allowed to go yet.
State#3 represents “GO” state, in which traffic is allowed to Go.

Alright friends that was all for today’s project. It was a very simple tutorial and most of its portion have been explained in previous tutorials. So i haven’t explain it in much detail. But still if you have any problem then, don’t feel shy to ask in the comments. Till next tutorial Take Care !!!

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Hello friends, hope you all are fine and enjoying. Today I am going to share a very interesting tutorial which is Analysis of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation of AC signal. I will try to explain this tutorial in parts. I will explain the code step by step and at every step we will see that what are the purpose of commands, which are written in that particular code. Before doing that first of all let me explain what is meant by Pulse Width Modulation.

Pulse Width Modulation or PWM is a technique which is used for getting Analog Results with digital means. We can say that some Digital Control or some Electronics algorithm is used to generate square waves. Square wave is in fact a signal which is generated through switching between ON & OFF states. There are no of ways to generate PWM. For example in modern electronics projects PWM is generated through some type of micro controllers or 555 Timers. If you recall my previous project tutorials, in which I have generated PWM through 555 timer. Since in this tutorial we are working with-in MATLAB premises so we will only discuss CODE and no hardware design involved in this tutorial. Now without wasting any time, I think we should move towards the CODE of the project. Stay tuned and believe me you will learn something new from this project.

Analysis of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation of an AC Signal

First of all open your MATLAB software and a command window will appear. Now first thing to do is to clear the command window and remove all the previous variables or functions from MATLAB.
This is done through MATLAB language and we have commands to do this. The commands are given below:

clc
clear all
disp(‘Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation of AC Signal’)
disp(‘ ‘)

‘clc’ and ‘clear all’ command will clear the command window and remove all the variables already existing.
Then the next command is ‘disp(‘ ‘)’ , and this command is used to display anything in command window. In dispaly command i have written the title of my project, which is “Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation of AC Signal” .
Now coming towards part 2, which is to enter some information from user side. Since we are analyzing the PWM of AC signal and we need to enter the data of that particular signal, which we are going to analyze.
The code to do all this is given below:

Vrin=1;
f=input(‘The frequency of the input supply voltage, f = ‘);
Z=1;
ma=input(‘the modulation index,ma, (0<ma<1), ma = ‘);
phi=input(‘the phase angle of the load in degrees = ‘);
Q=input(‘The number of pulses per half period = ‘);

The first command is ‘Vrin’ which is RMS value of the supply voltage in Per Unit. As you know that the maximum value of Per Unit is one, so i have kept its value equals to 1.
In the next steps, you can see that i have given the ‘input’ command. This command is used at that place if we need data from external source, which means if user will enter that data according to the input signal.
As you can see in the above code that Firstly it is asking frequency then comes the variable ‘Z’, which is load impedence in per-unit and we have kept its value 1.
‘ma’ is the modulation index and its value varies from 0 to 1.
‘phi’ is the phase angle of load in degrees.
‘Q’ is the no. of pulses per half period of the given cycle. MATLAB code will ask these values from user to enter them manually according to the that signal, which is under consideration.
Coming towards the Third part of the CODE, which is to calculate load parameters. The parameters of the load signal which we have entered in the above commands (part 2).
MATLAB Commands to calculate phase angle, Resistance and Inductance of the the load are given below:

phi=phi*pi/180;
R=Z*cos(phi);
L=(Z*sin(phi))/(2*pi*f);

‘phi’ is the load phase angle in degrees. while the other ‘pi’ is a built-in MATLAB function. In MATHEMATICS pi has a constatnt value which is ‘2.14’ .
Next 2 formulas the used to calculate Resistance(R) and Inductance(L) of the load respectively.
Up till now we have entered the known values of the signal under examination. No in the next part of the tutorial, we are going to calculate the no of pulses per period of the sine wave or AC Signal under consideration.
MATLAB command to calculate the period of an AC signal is given below:

N=2*Q;

This is a simple product formula. ‘Q’ is the no of pulses per half period and when we will multiply it with 2, we get no of pulses in full period, which is ‘N’.
Period of an AC cycle can be defined as the time taken by the AC voltage to complete its one cycle. Period is reciprocal of Frequency. Frequency can be defined as the no of waves passing through a particular point in one second. Both these terms are necessary to explain AC signal.
In the next part of the code, we are going to develop a function to generate a saw-tooth voltage from the given input parameters of the signal.
In each period of the sawtooth, there is one increasing and decreasing part of the sawtooth, thus the period of the input supply is divided into into 2N sub-periods. The function to develop this sawtooth voltage is given below:

for k=1:2*N
for j=1:50
i=j+(k-1)*50;
wt(i)=i*pi/(N*50);
Vin(i)=sqrt(2)*Vrin*sin(wt(i));
ma1(i)=ma*abs(sin(wt(i)));
if rem(k,2)==0
Vt(i)=0.02*j;
if abs(Vt(i)-ma*abs(sin(wt(i))))<=0.011
m=j;
beta(fix(k/2)+1)=3.6*((k-1)*50+m)/N;
else
j=j;
end
else
Vt(i)=1-0.02*j;
if abs(Vt(i)-ma*abs(sin(wt(i))))ma*abs(sin(wt(i)))
Vout(i)=0;
else
Vout(i)=Vin(i);
end
end
end
beta(1)=[];

The above part code seems to be bit lengthy but it is not that difficult to understand. Since in the previous part we have generated a saw-tooth voltage and we need to calculate its period.
To calculate period, we have introduced some counters in our code named i,j and k. ‘i’ is the generalized counter.
‘k’ is the counter, used to count sub-periods and ‘j’ is the counter inside these sub-periods. From the beginning of the above part, we have defined a generalized counter, then we have calculated supply voltages through modulation of index.
Then i have written a conditional loop consisting of ‘if’ and ‘else’ and we have generated a saw-tooth waveform from it.
In the end, the final value of this saw-tooth voltage is saved in variable named ‘beta’.
Up-til now we have generated a saw-tooth voltage and we have calculated the beginning value (alpha) ,ending value (beta) and the period (width) of this saw-tooth voltage.
Now in the next part we will write the command to display all these values of the saw-tooth voltage curve. Part of CODE is given below:

disp(‘ ‘)
disp(‘…………………………………………………………….’)
disp(‘alpha beta width’)
[alpha’ beta’ (beta-alpha)’]

In this step, we will simply display the values of the saw-tooth voltage, which we have generated in the above code.
Now we will write a CODE to plot the graphs of the the voltage curve, we have generated above:

a=0;
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(wt,Vin,wt,a)
axis([0,2*pi,-2,2])
title(‘Generation Of The Output Voltage Pulses ‘)
ylabel(‘Vin(pu)’);
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(wt,Vt,wt,ma1,wt,a)
axis([0,2*pi,-2,2])
ylabel(‘Vt, m(pu)’);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(wt,Vout,wt,a)
axis([0,2*pi,-2,2])
ylabel(‘Vo(pu)’);
xlabel(‘Radian’);

The title of this graph is generation of output voltage pulses and it will plot the graphs.
In next step, we will examine the output voltage curve. Its RMS value. HARMONIC components present in it and THRESHOLD value. CODE to examine all this is:

Vo =sqrt(1/(length(Vout))*sum(Vout.^2));
disp(‘The rms Value of the Output Voltage ‘)
Vo
y=fft(Vout);
y(1)=[];
x=abs(y);
x=(sqrt(2)/(length(Vout)))*x;
disp(‘The rms Value of the output voltage fundamental component = ‘)
x(1)
THDVo = sqrt(Vo^2 -x(1)^2)/x(1);

The formulas to calculate all these parameters of output voltage curve are given in the above code.
Uptil now, we have calculated all the parameters of output voltage curve and now i am going to calculate the current parameters of the output curve. The algorithm to calculate the output current wave-form is given below:

m=R/(2*pi*f*L);
DT=pi/(N*50);
C(1)=-10;
i=100*N+1:2000*N;
Vout(i)=Vout(i-100*N*fix(i/(100*N))+1);
for i=2:2000*N;
C(i)=C(i-1)*exp(-m*DT)+Vout(i-1)/R*(1-exp(-m*DT));
end

Now we are going to calculate all the parameters of the current waveform, which we previously explained for the output voltage waveform. Now we are going to calculate the RMS value, Harmonic component and Threshold value of the output current. CODE to do all this is given below:

for j4=1:100*N
CO(j4)=C(j4+1900*N);
CO2= fft(CO);
CO2(1)=[];
COX=abs(CO2);
COX=(sqrt(2)/(100*N))*COX;
end
CORMS = sqrt(sum(CO.^2)/(length(CO)));
disp(‘ The RMS value of the load current is’)
CORMS
THDIo = sqrt(CORMS^2-COX(1)^2)/COX(1);

All the above data and results were to monitor output parameters.
Now we are going to calculate the current parameters of input supply voltages.
first of all, i will find the input supply current and then i will analyze this supply current. Find its RMS value, Find its Fourier series, its displacement factor and Threshold value of the input supply current. The CODE to perform all this work simultaneously is given below:

for j2=1900*N+1:2000*N
if Vout(j2)~=0
CS(j2)=C(j2);
else
CS(j2)=0;
end
end
for j3=1:100*N
CS1(j3)=CS(j3+1900*N);
end
CSRMS= sqrt(sum(CS1.^2)/(length(CS1)));
disp(‘The RMS value of the supply current is’)
CSRMS
CS2= fft(CS1);
CS2(1)=[];
CSX=abs(CS2);
CSX=(sqrt(2)/(100*N))*CSX;
THDIS = sqrt(CSRMS^2-CSX(1)^2)/CSX(1);
phi1 = atan(real(CS2(1))/imag(CS2(1)))-pi/2;
PF=cos(phi1)*CSX(1)/CSRMS;

Up till now we have calculated all the parameters and now we are going to draw a table in MATLAB and it will show all the results simultaneously.
The combined code to display all the parameters on the output window is given below:

disp(‘ Performance parameters are’)
THDVo
THDIo
THDIS
PF
a=0;
figure(2)
subplot(3,2,1)
plot(wt,Vout(1:100*N),wt,a);
title(”);
axis([0,2*pi,-1.5,1.5]);
ylabel(‘Vo(pu)’);
%
subplot(3,2,2)
plot(x(1:100))
title(”);
axis([0,100,0,0.8]);
ylabel(‘Von(pu)’);
subplot(3,2,3)
plot(wt,C(1900*N+1:2000*N),wt,a);
title(”);
axis([0,2*pi,-1.5,1.5]);
ylabel(‘Io(pu)’);
subplot(3,2,4)
plot(COX(1:100))
title(”);
axis([0,100,0,0.8]);
ylabel(‘Ion(pu)’);
subplot(3,2,5)
plot(wt,CS(1900*N+1:2000*N),wt,a);
axis([0,2*pi,-1.5,1.5]);
ylabel(‘Is(pu)’);
xlabel(‘Radian’);
subplot(3,2,6)
plot(CSX(1:100))
title(”);
axis([0,100,0,0.8]);
ylabel(‘Isn(pu)’);
xlabel(‘Harmonic Order’);

In the above code 2 commands are used in excess. First one is ‘plot’, which is used to plot any particular function in MATLAB and the second command is ‘subplot’ which is used to draw multiple plots like 2 or 3 plots in the same window.
When you will write all this CODE and you will run it then, graphs will appear according to the data you entered to examine that particular signal.

RESULTS

The graphical results of all the above tutorial will be displayed in this section. First of all, when you will run the M-file then command window will appear and it will ask you give some input values of the supply voltages.
Such command window is shown in the image below:

After inputing these values, the above given algorithm will start plotting the graphs, the firsst graph is shown in the below figure:

Next plot is shown below, the graphs are labelled that’s why I am not explaining them much.

It will also give some other values in the MATLAB’s command window, a screenshot of these values is as follows:

Here’s the complete programming code for this project:

clc
clear all
disp(‘Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation of AC Signal’)
disp(‘ ‘)
Vrin=1;
f=input(‘The frequency of the input supply voltage, f = ‘);
Z=1;
ma=input(‘the modulation index,ma, (0<ma<1), ma = ‘);
phi=input(‘the phase angle of the load in degrees = ‘);
Q=input(‘The number of pulses per half period = ‘);
phi=phi*pi/180;
R=Z*cos(phi);
L=(Z*sin(phi))/(2*pi*f);
N=2*Q;
for k=1:2*N
for j=1:50
i=j+(k-1)*50;
wt(i)=i*pi/(N*50);
Vin(i)=sqrt(2)*Vrin*sin(wt(i));
ma1(i)=ma*abs(sin(wt(i)));
if rem(k,2)==0
Vt(i)=0.02*j;
if abs(Vt(i)-ma*abs(sin(wt(i))))<=0.011
m=j;
beta(fix(k/2)+1)=3.6*((k-1)*50+m)/N;
else
j=j;
end
else
Vt(i)=1-0.02*j;
if abs(Vt(i)-ma*abs(sin(wt(i))))<0.011
l=j;
alpha(fix(k/2)+1)=3.6*((k-1)*50+l)/N;
else
j=j;
end
end
if Vt(i)>ma*abs(sin(wt(i)))
Vout(i)=0;
else
Vout(i)=Vin(i);
end
end
end
beta(1)=[];
disp(‘ ‘)
disp(‘……………………………………’)
disp(‘alpha beta width’)
[alpha’ beta’ (beta-alpha)’]
a=0;
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(wt,Vin,wt,a)
axis([0,2*pi,-2,2])
title(‘Generation Of The Output Voltage Pulses ‘)
ylabel(‘Vin(pu)’);
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(wt,Vt,wt,ma1,wt,a)
axis([0,2*pi,-2,2])
ylabel(‘Vt, m(pu)’);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(wt,Vout,wt,a)
axis([0,2*pi,-2,2])
ylabel(‘Vo(pu)’);
xlabel(‘Radian’);
Vo =sqrt(1/(length(Vout))*sum(Vout.^2));
disp(‘The rms Value of the Output Voltage ‘)
Vo
y=fft(Vout);
y(1)=[];
x=abs(y);
x=(sqrt(2)/(length(Vout)))*x;
disp(‘The rms Value of the output voltage fundamental component = ‘)
x(1)
THDVo = sqrt(Vo^2 -x(1)^2)/x(1);
m=R/(2*pi*f*L);
DT=pi/(N*50);
C(1)=-10;
i=100*N+1:2000*N;
Vout(i)=Vout(i-100*N*fix(i/(100*N))+1);
for i=2:2000*N;
C(i)=C(i-1)*exp(-m*DT)+Vout(i-1)/R*(1-exp(-m*DT));
end
for j4=1:100*N
CO(j4)=C(j4+1900*N);
CO2= fft(CO);
CO2(1)=[];
COX=abs(CO2);
COX=(sqrt(2)/(100*N))*COX;
end
CORMS = sqrt(sum(CO.^2)/(length(CO)));
disp(‘ The RMS value of the load current is’)
CORMS
THDIo = sqrt(CORMS^2-COX(1)^2)/COX(1);
for j2=1900*N+1:2000*N
if Vout(j2)~=0
CS(j2)=C(j2);
else
CS(j2)=0;
end
end
for j3=1:100*N
CS1(j3)=CS(j3+1900*N);
end
CSRMS= sqrt(sum(CS1.^2)/(length(CS1)));
disp(‘The RMS value of the supply current is’)
CSRMS
CS2= fft(CS1);
CS2(1)=[];
CSX=abs(CS2);
CSX=(sqrt(2)/(100*N))*CSX;
THDIS = sqrt(CSRMS^2-CSX(1)^2)/CSX(1);
phi1 = atan(real(CS2(1))/imag(CS2(1)))-pi/2;
PF=cos(phi1)*CSX(1)/CSRMS;
disp(‘ Performance parameters are’)
THDVo
THDIo
THDIS
PF
a=0;
figure(2)
subplot(3,2,1)
plot(wt,Vout(1:100*N),wt,a);
title(”);
axis([0,2*pi,-1.5,1.5]);
ylabel(‘Vo(pu)’);
%
subplot(3,2,2)
plot(x(1:100))
title(”);
axis([0,100,0,0.8]);
ylabel(‘Von(pu)’);
subplot(3,2,3)
plot(wt,C(1900*N+1:2000*N),wt,a);
title(”);
axis([0,2*pi,-1.5,1.5]);
ylabel(‘Io(pu)’);
subplot(3,2,4)
plot(COX(1:100))
title(”);
axis([0,100,0,0.8]);
ylabel(‘Ion(pu)’);
subplot(3,2,5)
plot(wt,CS(1900*N+1:2000*N),wt,a);
axis([0,2*pi,-1.5,1.5]);
ylabel(‘Is(pu)’);
xlabel(‘Radian’);
subplot(3,2,6)
plot(CSX(1:100))
title(”);
axis([0,100,0,0.8]);
ylabel(‘Isn(pu)’);
xlabel(‘Harmonic Order’);

That’s all for today. I have tried my best to explain it in detail but still if you get into some trouble then ask in comments.

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Hello friends, i hoe you all are fine and enjoying. In this post i am going to share a new project tutorial, in which we will see how to design a 11 Level Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter. If you recall my previous tutorial, in which we saw the design and working applications of “11 Level Capacitor Clamped 3-phase Inverter“.

In this project we again are going to design an inverter but the only difference is The Implementation Technique. In that project we used Capacitor Clamped technique to get High Voltages inverted AC and now in this project, we will use Cascaded H-Bridge technique to design an Inverter. We have designed this project in Simulink MATLAB. So i will explain this project tutorial in steps. First of all we will discuss the block diagram of the project, which we have made in Simulink. Then we will discuss the internal structure and the components which are implemented in the block diagram. And in the end we will see the applications of the cascaded H-Bridge inverters. I think this was enough for introduction and Now let’s get practical and without wasting any time i think we should move towards the designing of the cascaded H-Bridge 3-phase inverter.

11 Level Cascaded H-Bridge 3-Phase Inverter

A cascade inverter is a power electronic device, built to synthesize a desired AC voltage from several level of DC voltages.
Cascaded inverters can be implemented by using only a single DC source or capacitors or multiple DC sources.
A standard cascade multilevel inverter requires ‘n’ DC sources to produce ‘2n+1′ levels.
The beauty of this system is that it can allow us to gain the desired levels of AC without using any type of Transformer.
It allows us to simultaneously maintain the DC voltage level of the DC source and choose a fundamental frequency switching pattern to produce a nearly sinusoidal AC output.
The block diagram of the system designed in Simulink MATLAB is shown in the image given below:

From above figure, you can see that we have on the extreme left side we have inputs of the systems and they are numbered as ‘pulse’.
Since we are going to design a multilevel inverter, which is a 11 Level inverter and to get that much levels, we also need multiple DC inputs.
In this system, we have 30 DC inputs and they are numbered as ‘pulse1-pulse30′.
From the title of the project, you can understand that we are going to design a 3-phase inverter and for that we must have 3 control units to get three phase voltages.
All the inputs are going to three big blocks which are named as ‘ Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter’. If you double click on that block then, a new window will open which will show the internal mechanism of this big block.
This window is shown in the image given below:

The above figure is very important and it is showing what actually is happening in that block. Since the components encrypted in each block are large so the above figure is showing half of the components.
10 inputs are connected to each block and in the above shown block we have 5 inputs.
Every input is connected to a H shape bridge. In every H-shaped bridge, we have 4 sub-blocks. In order to under the mask of the sub-blocks, Double click on them and a new window will open, which will be representing the internal structure of sub-block.
That small window is shown in the image given below:

Now from the above figure, you can see that every sub-block contains an ideal IGBT, Gto or MOSFET and antiparallel diodes.
In these H-bridges we have implemented MOSFET transistor for switching. Reason is that they have mush fast response and are capable to perform switching at high speed.
Below are some parameters of transistors, which are fabricated in sub-blocks.
An important thing to note here is that for MOSFET ‘Snubber Resistance (Cs)’ is infinite in OFF state. This is because in OFF state it doesn’t allow the current to pass through it.
Once MOSFET is triggered then it will keep on conducting and after that we will have to stop it manually.
Now if you again focus the first block diagram then, you will observe that each block is giving only value of phase voltages at its output.
From three blocks, we get three phase voltages and then to measure these voltages, we have 2 types of measuring devices.
First type of voltmeter will measure the phase voltages and you can see that all the three phases are connected to that instrument.
Phase voltage is the potential difference between a single phase and neutral wire. Since no neutral wire is connected to this instrument and the meter will take the system’s neutral wire to measure the voltages.
The other meter measures the Line voltages. Line voltages are the potential difference between any two phases. At our meters input we have Line Voltages like AB, BC and CA.

RESULTS

We have connected two different types of voltmeters in our system. One will give the graphical representation of phase voltages and the other will give the graph of Line voltages.
The graph of phase voltages is given below in the image:

The above graph is representing the phase voltages of all the three phases, which we have generated in our system.
You can see that all the three phases are at an angle of 120 degrees to each other.
The graph of line voltages is shown in the image given below:

The above graph is showing the 3-phase line AC voltages.
You can see that some cornered square wave is obtained at output. Corners are appearing in output wave due to switching of MOSFET transister, we have used in our project.
A proper filter circuit can eliminate this flaw and a fine AC can been obtained at output.

Alright friends, that was all from today’s post. If you have any question then ask in comments and i will try my best to resolve the issue. For more tutorials stay tuned. Till next tutorial Take Care !!!

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Hello friends, i hope you all are fine and enjoying in life. On a friends request, today i am going to share a new tutorial which is ‘Getting Started with Arduino Software’. Previously i have uploaded a large no of project tutorials made on 555 timers and some MATLAB based Simulations. Now we are going to touch the next level and from now on we will work on mostly projects containing Arduino microcontroller.

To get started with Arduino microcontroller, we first need to learn the operating software of Arduino microcontroller. This tutorial is very informative and i will be using Arduino software 1.0.5. It is a very basic level software and very easy to learn. IF you have already worked on Arduino software then you don’t need to go through it. This tutorial is only for begineers who have just bought the Arduino board and don’t know wht to do with it.

This software is very user friendly. There are two versions of Arduino software available on theArduino official site. One isexe file which you need to install in your computer. While the second version is a simple rar file and you don’t have to install the ‘exe’ file in your computer. You only copy the software at a particular folder and when you double click on it, it automatically starts to run. I will be explaining this tutorial in various parts. We will see all the options available in main menu and their functioning. Now i think we should move towards the actual working of the software and see how it woks and what are its control parameters.

Getting Started with Arduino Software

First of all copy the Arduino software folder where you can easily access it. For example, copy the folder on desktop of your computer.
Double click the folder and the next window will show all the sub-folders, which contains the libraries, hardware tools, references and all other things.
That window is also shown in the image given below:

The above image is showing all the sub-folders and and the Ardunio running application.
The above folder is showing the examples, drives, hardware, libraries, references, tools of the Arduino software.
When you will double click on the icon named as ‘ardunio’ then arduino software will start to run.
The next window which will open is shown in the image given below:

A very important thing to note is that when we write code in Arduino software window then, it is called a sketch.
This software automatically gives the name to the code, which you are going to write.
For example i have open the command window of Arduino software, then it saves every sketch with that particular date on which you are gonna write that sketch.
Since today is May 13, 2015 and this software has automatically saved the sketch with today’s date.
Now coming towards menu bar, we have 5 options. I will explain all of them one by one.

File Menu Description

When you will single click the ‘File’ button then, a new window will open which is shown in the image given below:

This list is showing all the components which are encoded in ‘File’ button.
First option is ‘new’ and it will open a new window or new sketch. Next is ‘open’ and it will open the file or sketch which you will select and will try to open in Arduino software.
Next options are ‘sketch book’ and ‘examples’. When you will click the examples button then it will open the Arduino libraries.
The Arduino libraries are shown in the inage given below:

This option will give all of the Arduino libraries. Arduino libraries are very useful in learning the basic code of Arduino.
For starters, you can go to the first option which is, ’01. Basics’ and it will give you some libraries of that projects which are very easy to understand.
You can simply click on any option and the code will automatically load into Arduino software.
Next options are ‘close’, ‘save’ , ‘save as’. These options are very simple and every user is aware of these options.
Next option is ‘upload’. It is very important option and it will load the particular code into Arduino sketch file.
Next option is of ‘upload using programmer’. This option uploads the code into Arduino sketch which is written in some other software.
Next option is of ‘page setup’. It gives you the options about alignment of the page and what size of sketch you want to keep.
Then comes the ‘print’ option and ‘preferences’. When you will click on ‘Preference’ option then a new window will open and this window is shown in the image given below:

This window will open and it will be showing sketckbook location. where you wish to save all your sketches. We will give it location only once and afterwards it will automatically save the file at that particular location.
You can also select the language, in which Arduino sketch will be written and the font size can also be selected.
This option also gives the check flag. For example either you want to update or Arduino software version or you tends to use the existing software and many other options.
The last option in file menu is ‘Quit’. By clicking on this option, Arduino software will close and the sketch which is running at that particular time will stop.

Edit Menu Description

After file menu then comes the ‘Edit’ menu. When you will single click on that icon then, a new window will open, containing all the options which are ancoded in ‘Edit’ menu.
That new window is shown in the image given below:

The first 2 options in Edit menu are ‘Undo’ and ‘Redo’. If accidentally something goes wrong then, you will press undo button and problem will be eliminated.
Redo is the opposite of Undo option.
Next options are ‘cut’ and ‘copy’. Nearly all users are aware of their functions.
The next option is ‘copy from forum’. It will copy the sketch from a particular forum and will automatically save it into sketch window of Arduino software.
The very option is ‘copy as HTML’. This option is used at that place where, you want to upload your sketch or code.
After writing you sketch, you just single click on this button and it will automatically convert the sketch language into HTML language and then you can easily upload it.
Next option is of ‘paste’. You copy the sketch from some other folder and you can ‘paste’ it in this sketch menu. and you can easily compile it.
Next to paste option we have ‘select all’ option. Once you click on this option and the whole sketch will be selected. It’s upto you either you want to copy it or whatever you want to do with the sketch.
The next option is very important which is ‘comment/un-comment’. For those people who have done the coding before and are aware of the basics it is a simple options.
You bring the curser to any particular line and when you will first click on this button then, it will be commented. Which means physically this line is written in the code but logically it has no importance anymore.
to avail this particular line, you will again click on that particular line and then it will be ‘un-comment’.
After un-commenting the line, now you can use it in code.
Next option is ‘increase indent’, by single clicking on this option you will observe that the width of blinking curser has been increased.
This is also very interesting feature in looking and also very beneficial for those people who have a little weak eye-side.
And if you are not comfortable with this feature then, don’t worry we also have a secondary feature for it.
Then you will click on the next option named as ‘Decrease indent’ and it will automatically decrease the width of the curser and it will start to look like as before.
The next option is very interesting and it is to find anything within your sketch.
When you will click on that option, a new window will open which is shown in the image given below:

In this window you can see that we have no of options. First bar is of find.
Write in the first bar whats actually you want to find.
And if you think something has gone wrong and you want to make changes in your code, you just simply write that things in ‘replace with’ menu and the whole code will be changed accordingly.
Next options in the edit menu are ‘find next’ and ‘find previous’. When you write something in find menu and the software finds it for you.
Now if you want to find what’s written next to those lines, you just simply click on that options and it will show whats next to that thing in sketch.
Similarly you can also find whats written previous to that thing in our sketch.

Sketch Menu Description

After edit menu we have ‘Sketch Menu’ in the list. When you will click on that option then, a new window will open which is shown in the image given below:

In sketch menu we have total 4 options.
The first option is ‘verify/compile’. If you have written a code and when you will click on this option, it will verify the whole code and it will compile it and if there is no error then, the sketch will start running.
Next option is of show sketch folder. By clicking on that icon, we will access that particular folder in which sketch has been saved.
Next option is of ‘Add file’ and if you want to add any particular file in your sketch, you just simply click on that option and that file will be added in your sketch.
The last option in sketch menu is very very important and it will enables you to ‘import library’ into your sketch.
When you will click on that button then, a new window will open which is shown in the image given below:

As you can see in the above shown image that in this software there are a large no of built in libraries and if you need to import any library in your sketch then, you can easily import it.

Tools Menu Description

The next option in the main menu is ‘Tools’. In order to explore it you just simply click on it and a new window will open, which is shown in the image given below:

The very first option in ‘sketch menu’ is auto format and it will automatically give format to the sketch.
Next are Archive Sketch, Fix encoding and reload.
The most important option in tools menu is ‘select board’. By clicking on this option a new window will open which is shown in the image given below:

You can see that we have a large no of options available here .
Its your choice to choose that Arduino board which you are going to use in your project.
Next option is of programmer and when you will click on this button then a new window will open, which is shown in the image given below:

You can see from here we can select that which type of programmer we are going to use in our project.
The default setting for this version is AVRISP, as shown in the above image.
The last option in tools menu is Burn Boothloader and the beauty of Arduino software is that it is capable to burn the code into its micro controller itself and no external burner is required for this purpose.

Help Menu Description

This is the last option in menu and when you will click on it then a new window will open which is shown in the image given below:

The help menu of Arduino software is very user friendly and it gives you ease to learn the software and to do something new.
You can see that the very first option is ‘getting started’ and when you will click this option it will guide you about the features of the Arduino software. How we are going to use it and what are its basics?
Other options are also related to help and are much informative, if you are writing a particular sketch and at any stage if you don’t know what to do the next then, don’t worry, Help will guide at every step.
Now coming towards next menu, which is below the main menu, it has 5 major icons, which are shown in the image given below:

In the above image you can see that, we have 5 major icons.
The icon numbered a ‘1’ is of ‘verify’. After writing the whole code, you just simply click on that icon and it will verify the whole sketch and if there is any error then it will also generate error.
The icon numbered as ‘2’ is to upload the sketch into your micro controller.
The icon numbered as ‘3’ is of ‘New’. By clicking on that icon a new menu will open and it will allow you to write a new sketch in it.
The icon numbered as ‘4’ is of ‘open’. When you wish to open a existing file in your present code, you just simply click on that.
The icon numbered as ‘5’ is of ‘save’. When you have written a particular sketch, you simply click on that and that sketch will be saved automatically.
The last icon which is numbered s ‘6’ is of serial monitor and after writing the whole code you just simply click on that and it will monitors the whole sketch thoroughly step by step.
if any error will present at any stage then it will generate error.

Alright friends, that was all from today’s post. Today’s tutorial was very informative so i conclude that you hve learned something new today. Till next tutorial Take Care !!!

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Hello friends, i hope you all are fine and enjoying. Today i am going to share a new tutorial which is What is a 555 timer? 555 timer is an 8-pin IC (integrated circuit) which is most commonly used in electronic projects, built now a days. As you can see fron its name that it is a timer and designed to generate PWM.

In today’s tutorial i am going to explain, what’s hidden inside this 555 timer IC. A 555 timer is a much compatible electronic device and the biggest feature of this IC is that it able to work on both analogue and digital techniques. Now if we simply consider the output of the 555 timer then, at any particular time, this timer has only 1 definite state. Which means at any time, it will be either ON or OFF. It is not possible that its output is ON and OFF simultaneously. A new invention of 555 timer has also been discovered which is named as 556 timer. 556 is in fact a Dual version of 555 timer and it contains 2 555 timers in a single IC. 556 is a 14 pin IC. Now you will think that 555 timer is a pin IC and as i said that 556 contains two 555 timers then, it should have 16 pins. The answer to this question is that, when two 555 timers are connected to each other then the VCC and GND of both ICs is made common so, we have 14 pins instead of 16. Now let’s move towards the basic theme of our tutorial. In this tutorial i will be explain the steps, the pin configuration of 555 timer, It’s different modes and project applications.

Internal Design of 555 Timer

First of all lets come to the internal design of a 555 timer. The outer shape of the 555 timer may look like very simple but there is a complex mechanism hidden inside that small IC. A 555 timer contains 25 transistors, 15 resistors and 2 diodes, which are connected to each other in a very complex manner. An interesting thing to know here is that all these components are embedded on a single small silicon chip. Some other series of 555 timers are also available in market like NE555 timer, which we commonly use in our engineering or electronic projects. And the second series is SE555. SE555 series was designed for military purposes. These operating temperature ranges of both NE555 ans SE555 are given below as:

NE555 is mostly used for basic level projects and such high level accuracy is not demanded in it so it is capable to operate from 0 ~ 70 degree Celsius.
SE555 was designed for military applications and it is used in those projects where high precision is required. The operating temperature of this IC is -55 ~ +125 degree Celsius.

Pin configuration of 555 Timer

As i described earlier that 555 timer has total 8 pins. As i described that 555 timer is a multipurpose IC and it is capable to perform variable function. So through some proper arrangement of connections, we can made this IC to do different tasks. Now i will explain the every pin no. and its purpose:

The pin designated as pin#1 is GND pin. This pin is used to provide reference voltage or ground to 555 timer.
The pin designated as pin#2 is TR pin. It is used for triggering of 555 timer. The operating voltages of 555 timer is 4.5V ~ 15V. When the operating voltages exceeds 5V then, the 555 timer triggers and it generated output or we can say that now it has crossed that limit above which it will generate output.
The pin designated as pin#3 is the output pin of 555 timer. Through this pin, the output of 555 timer goes to the external circuit. The output depends on the purpose for which you are using 555 timer. For example if you are using your 555 timer to generate PWM then its output will vary. Sometimes it will go High and some time it will go Low.
The pin designated as pin#4 is Reset pin of 555 timer. If you look closely on the first feature image of the tutorial then, you yourself will understand that it is a NOT function. Which means that in order to reset the 555 timer you will have to give ‘0’ at that pin and after the compliment it will become High and 555 timer will ‘Reset’ .
The pin#5 of 555 is ‘CTRL’ pin. It is in fact a control pin of 555 timer. This pin gives us the direct access to the internal voltage divider of the 555 timer, which is fabricated inside that small silicon chip. We can divide the voltages according to our output requirements.
The pin#6 is named as ‘THR’ pin of the 555 timer. For the supply voltages, 555 timer has kept a reference value for them. For example when the supply voltages exceeds 5 volts then, the this pin becomes activated and the 555 timer starts to generate output or it sends data to its output pins.
Pin#7 is named as ‘DIS’ of the 555 timer. This pin is in fact the discharge pin of 555 timer and used to discharge the capacitors between intervals. This pin has the biggest advantage when, we are generating PWM through 555 timer.
The last pin is pin#8 and it is designated as ‘VCC’ . This is the supply pin of 555 timer. Source is connected at this pin and as i have already explained that the supply voltages range for 555 timer is 4.5V ~ 15V, but generally it triggers above 5 volts.

Modes of Operation of 555 Timer

555 timer has 3 major modes of operations. All these modes have there own applications and advantages. All the 3 modes are explained in below:

Astable Mode of 555 timer:

From the name of this mode ‘astable mode’, you can understand that, in this mode, we don’t have any stable output of 555 timer. While operating in this mode, the output will be continuously fluctuating and we will be obtaining a square wave form on the output pin of the 555 timer. To operate the 555 timer in Astable mode, you will have to draw the following circuit, which is shown in the image below:

Astable mode is also used to flash lamps and leds. A very similar project named as Sequential LED blinking using 555 timer has also been uploaded by our team. In that project 555 timer was again being used in astable mode.

Monostable Mode of 555 timer:

In this mode of operation the 555 timer gives only one output pulse in addition to the intentional trigger input. For example if you will press the button then, 555 timer will produce a output pulse and its length remains constant until you again press the button and the 555 timer will generate another pulse. The circuit to use 555 timer in monostable mode is shown in the image given below:

Monostable mode of 555 timer has wast application. In this state it is used as a timer, touch switches.
The biggest example of this mode is to generate PWM. If you recall one of my previous tutorial which was Angle control of servo motor using 555 timer, then at that stage we were using a 555 timer to generate a PWM and through this PWM, we were controlling the angle of micro servo motor.
This mode is also used for capacitive measurement and also for missing pulse detection.

Bistable Mode of 555 timer:

The third and the last mode of operation of 555 timer is to use it in bistable mode. This thing is understood from its name ‘Bistable’ which means this circuit will have 2 stable states, which we are going to control. The circuit diagram to operate a 555 timer in bistable state is shown in the image given below:

The above shown circuit is of bistable mode of 555 timer.
As you can see in the above figure, we have 2 push buttons. One is connected to ‘THR’ pin and the other is connected to ‘TRIG’ pin of 555 timer.
When we will press the ‘TRIG’ button, which means that we have connected the trigger state to ground and its state has become LOW. By doing that the output of 555 timer will become High.
On the other hand, when i will press the ‘RESET’ button then ‘THR’ pin of 555 timer will be grounded and the output of 555 timer will become LOW.
In this way we have made the 555 timer to work in 2 different states and that’s why it is called Bistable mode of operation of 555 timer.

Alright friends, that was all from today’s post. I hope you have learned something new today and if you have any questions then please ask in comments and i will try my best to resolve the issue. Till next tutorial Take Care !!!

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Hello friends, i hope you all are fine and enjoying. Today i am going to explain a very simple but very important tutorial which is named as what is operational amplifier? Operational Amplifier or commonly known as op-amp is a voltage amplifying device. The output of op-amp is much much larger as compared to the potential difference between its input terminals. Operational amplifier has much importance in today’s electronic projects and it is also known as a fundamental building block of the analogue electronic circuits. Operational amplifiers were invented a long time ago and they ere also used in computers of old age. In those computers the function of operational amplifiers was to perform mathematical operations.

Operational amplifiers have a large no of applications and are most commonly use to perform some electronic operations like signal conditioning. When signals are transmitted over a long distances and what mostly happens is the strength of the signal is weakened. and some noise and disturbances are also included in it. to overcome these issues, we use repeater circuits and after some times the amplitude of signal is again boosted up with the help of operational amplifier. Similarly op-amp are also used for filtering of the signal. They are also used in logic designed projects to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, integration and differentiation. The reason why operational amplifiers are much popular and are widely used in digital electronic circuits is that, they possess versatility.

Above was a little introduction about operational amplifier, its working and its applications. Now lets explain some other parameters of operational amplifiers which are given as below:

Pin configuration of operational amplifier

Operational Amplifier has major 3 pins. Among these 3 pins, 2 pins are reserved for input and these pins are of much High Impedance. One input of the operational amplifier is known as inverted input and it is marked as negative sign (-) while the other pin of the operational amplifier is known as non-inverting input and it is marked as positive sign (+). Both these inputs have High impedance. The third terminal of the operational amplifier is its output pin and it is of Low impedance. You can also see the pin configuration of op-amp in the feature image of this tutorial.

Characteristics of an op-amp

Operational amplifier is a very important amplifier and used as a building block in various electronics projects. Op-amp possess the following features:

The open loop gain of the differential amplifier is Infinite. Formula to calculate gain is:

G = V(out)/V(in)

Now if we are using the operational amplifier in open loop condition then, the input voltages ‘V(in)’ will becomes zero and the Gain will become infinite.

In op-amp there is an input impedance between both terminals of the operational amplifier. In OFF condition, the value of this impedance is much HIGH and mostly it is taken as ‘infinite’. The reason to kept such a high value is to permit any current to flow between the input terminals of the op-amp.
For a differential operational amplifier input offset voltages are kept zero. This also permits any current to flow.
A very important feature of the operational amplifier is that we have a large no of voltage range, which can appear at the output terminal of op-amp. Since op-amp are designed to amplify the voltages up to a wider value, that’s why we can say that infinite values of voltages are available at output terminal of operational amplifier.
When AC voltages are applied at its input terminals then, op-amp is capable to perform zero shift. Reason is that in electrical, we have various instrument like Transformer, which gives us the phase shift at output voltages. And the output voltages possess a different phase angle as compared to input voltages.
Operational amplifier have no impedance connected to its output terminals and we can say that it has zero or negligible impedance.
The operation of op-amp is without any kind of noise. The operation of op-amp is noise proof and no problems occurs during its operation.

Operation of Op-Amp

Operational amplifiers have 2 differential inputs which are named as ‘Inverting’ and ‘non-inverting’ inputs. In actual case the operational amplifier only amplifies those inputs difference which is applied between its input terminals. The output generated at its terminals can be calculated by the formula given below:

V(out) = G(o.l) {(V+)-(V-)}

In the above formula you can see that V(out) represents the output voltages which appears at the output terminal of operational amplifier.
G(o.l) is the open loop gain of the operational amplifier.
V+ are the voltages applied to the non-inverting input of op-amp.
V- are the voltages applied to the inverting input of op-amp. Generally ground is connected at this pin.

Applications of Operational Amplifier

Operational Amplifiers have a large no. of applications and some of them are given below as:

Operational amplifiers are widely used in designing of basic and also advanced electronic projects. The use of operational amplifier as a building block in various projects allows us to get our output much pure and cleaner. The word cleaner emphasis on the part that the other circuit elements like resistance, capacitance, inductance etc, effects the output of the circuit and they also distort it.
The biggest application of the operational amplifier is ‘voltage comparator’. In order to use op-amp as a comparator, we design a circuit without any feedback. To use op-amp as a comparator gives us the opportunity to get wider range of output voltages and also state switching is done in a faster way, which means it can go from ON to OFF state within no time.
Op-amp can also be used to design a level detection circuit in terms of voltages. For example if you connect the input or the reference voltages of the circuit to one of the input of the op-amp then, it will start behaving as an voltage level detection circuit.
Op-amp are commonly used in radio transmission circuits. They are able to amplify the output many times, that’s why they are preferred for signal transmission.
Op-amp have wide applications in digital electronics and are commonly used to design filter circuits, differential amplifiers and some integration based circuits.
Op-amp are also commonly use to design ADC (analog to digital converters) and also DAC (digital to analog converters).
Op-amp are used as a major element in designing voltage clamping circuits and oscillators.
An interesting application of op-amp is that they are also used to design analogue calculators and some similar electronic products.

Alright friends, that was all from today’s tutorial about operational amplifiers. In the coming tutorials, i will also explain some practical applications of operational amplifiers. If you have any questions then, feel free to ask in comments and i will try my best to solve the issue. Till next tutorial Take Care!!!

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Hello friends, i hope you all are fine and enjoying. Today i am going to share a new project tutorial which is Interfacing PIR sensor with Arduino. First of all lets, have a little introduction about the basics and working of the PIR sensor. PIR sensors are in fact a Passive Infrared Sensor. PIR sensors are actually electronic sensors and they are used for motion detection. They are also used to detect the Infrared waves emitting from a particular object.

PIR sensors are widely used in motion detection projects now a days. Since my today’s tutorial is about interfacing of PIR sensor with Arduino micro controller. Before going to that it is necessary that we should first understand the construction and working principle of PIR sensor. So i am going to divide my tutorial into different blocks and i will describe PIR sensor from its construction to practical applications. So first of all, lets see the construction and operating principle of PIR sensor.

Construction of PIR sensor

The construction of PIR sensor is very simple and easy to understand. In the bottom or you can say in the core of the PIR sensor we have a set of sensors which are made of pyroelectric materials. The properties of this material is that when this material is exposed to heat then, it generates energy. Different methods are used to to measure this energy generated by PIR sensor. On the top of the PIR sensor and above the internal sensors we have a small screen through which infrared radiations enters into sensor. When these radiations falls on the pyroelectric material then it generates energy. Generally the size of this sensor is very small and it is available in the form of thin film in market. Many other materials are also used in collaboration with pyroelectric material like galliam nitrite and cesium nitrate and all these materials take the form of an small integrated circuit.

Operating Principle of PIR sensor

The modern studies in the field of quantum physics tells us the fact each and every object when it is placed at a temperature above absolute zero, emits some energy in the form of heat and this heat energy is in fact the form of infrared radiations. So an other question comes into mind that why our eyes can’t see these waves? It is because that these waves have infrared wavelengths and his wavelength is invisible to human eyes. if you want to detect these waves then, you have to design a proper electronic circuit.

If you see closely the name of PIR sensor which is Passive Infrared Sensor. Passive elements are those elements that don’t generate their own voltages or energy. They just only measures things. So we can say that this sensor is a passive infrared sensor and it doesn’t generate anything by itself. It is only capable to measure the rediations emitted by other objects around it. It measures those raditions and do some desired calculations on them.

Interfacing with Arduino

PIR sensor have total 3 pins. The configuration of each pin is shown in the image given below:

Pin#1 is of supply pin and it is used to connect +5 DC voltages.
Pin#2 is of output pin and this pin is used to collect the output signal which is collected by PIR sensor.
Pin#3 is marked as GND pin. This pin is used to provide ground to internal circuit of PIR sensor.

This whole configuration is also shown in the image given below:

The pin configuration of a PIR sensor is shown in the image given above. Since we have to interface the PIR sensor with Arduino micro controller. The image showing the interfacing of PIR sensor with Arduino is shown below as:

Interfacing Code

The code for interfacing Arduino micro controller with PIR sensor is given below as:

#define pirPin 2
int calibrationTime = 30;
long unsigned int lowIn;
long unsigned int pause = 5000;
boolean lockLow = true;
boolean takeLowTime;
int PIRValue = 0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(pirPin, INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
PIRSensor();
}
void PIRSensor()
{
if(digitalRead(pirPin) == HIGH)
{
if(lockLow)
{
PIRValue = 1;
lockLow = false;
Serial.println(“Motion detected.”);
delay(50);
}
takeLowTime = true;
}
if(digitalRead(pirPin) == LOW)
{
if(takeLowTime){lowIn = millis();takeLowTime = false;}
if(!lockLow && millis() – lowIn > pause)
{
PIRValue = 0;
lockLow = true;
Serial.println(“Motion ended.”);
delay(50);
}
}
}

Applications of PIR sensor

PIR sensors possess a no of applications and due to their low cost and much advanced features they are the main focus of different projects being made now a days. Some of their features and practical applications are listed below as:

They are able to sense the detection of people and other objects.
PIR sensors are also used in automatic lightening systems. In these type of systems, when a person comes in the vicinity of the sensor then, the lights are automatically turned ON.
They are used in outdoor lightening systems and also in some lift lobbies. You may have observed that when a person comes in front of the lift and if the doors are being closed then, the doors are opened again. This is all due to PIR sensors.
They are widely used in underground car parking system. At every parking position a PIR sensor is installed and when that position is vacant then, a green light glows over that place which means you can park here. And if that position has been occupied then, a red light will glow, representing that this position is already occupied.
PIR sensor is much compatible sensor and it has the ability to detect a particular motion and the output of this system is very sensitive and doesn’t have any kind of noise in it.

Alright friends, that was all from today’s post. If you have any questions, fell free to ask. Till next tutorial Take Care!!!

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Hello friends, i hope you all are fine and enjoying. Today i am going to share a new project tutorial which is What is a serial port? We ca also judge from its name that this pin that this may be the pin used for data communication. So we can say that Serial port is such a device which is used for communication of data in a serial manner. and an important thing to remember here is that this port can communicate only one bit at a time.

Serial port is now used in almost all type of computers and it is used to connect some some devices like modems, monitors, LCDs and some models of printers to the mother board of computer. If we talk broadly then some devices connected to the computer like Ethernet, USB etc also requires serial data stream for communication but the name serial port is reserved for that case when you connect a Modem or some similar device which needs to communicate data in a serial manner. Serial ports have been used in past with almost all models of the computers but with the invention of modern technologies like USB, FireWire and some other faster means of data communication, serial ports have been eliminated now and are now replaced by the modern means of data communication. If you still have a old model of a computer at your home or work and you wish to identify that which one is serial port then, look at the back side of your computer and you will observe a 8 pins D shape male connector. As i have shown one of them in the featured image of this tutorial. Now lets move towards the hardware of the serial port and see whats hidden inside this small port and what are the practical applications of this port.

What is a Serial Port?

The old models of IBM computers had been using a small electronic integrated circuit named as UART and it was used to transmit and receive data to and from a external asynchronous device in a serial manner. But with the inventions of modern technology some small home computers then started to make a algorithm in which CPU was used directly to send and receive data from external means. And this technique was known as bit-banging technique.

Early invented computers also have a at-least one serial port and this serial port had different pins in it and every pin was designed to work on a different voltage level, and this serial pin was compatible to work with RS-232. But there was a problem with the operation of such system that the serial port was unable to understand the different voltage levels of RS-232 and different manufacturers had different devices that operated on different voltage levels. So there was need to design such device which should be able to work on same voltages and should be compatible with all the devices, of any manufacturer. Now with the invention of modern devices like USB, FireWire the modern and even low cost processors are able to serial communicate data with a faster speed. And they are able to support devices like mass storage, sound players and video player devices. Now a days in-spite of that fast that what have been invented, every personal computer in use also contains a serial port. The small laptops have a very conserve space so it is possible that some companies may have omitted serial ports from their models but as i have stated above that serial ports had been used for a very long time periods and the circuits used to control and operate the serial ports have become very cheap and some models also comes with the serial port chip fabricated with the circuitry of parallel port.

Pin Configuration of Serial Port

Serial port have total 9 pins. Every pin has its own functioning and purpose. The purpose of each pin is explained below as:

The pin#1 of serial port is named as ‘DCD’. The purpose of pin#1 is Data Carrier Detect. It is used to detect the data stream which is being carried bu the buses for sending to other devices or for receiving.
Pin#2 of serial port is named as ‘RxData’. The purpose of this pin is to monitor the data which is received by serial port from some external means.
The next pin which is pin#3 of serial port is named as ‘TxData’. The purpose of this pin is to transmit data from serial port to the external module, where we wish to send data. Remember that serial port only transmit data at the rate of one bit per second.
Pin#4 of serial port is named as ‘DTR’ and it is called Data Terminal Ready. The purpose of this pin is to see the data which is to transmit but it has not been sent yet. The data is available at the sending port of serial port and it needs the go signal from micro processor.
Pin#5 of the serial port is ‘GND’ and it provides ground to the serial port voltages for data communication.
Pin#6 is ‘DSR’ and it is abbrivation of Data Set Ready. This pin is used to determine the data transmission rate. Data is available at the port but it has not been sent yet.
Pin#7 is ‘RTS’. This pin is the signal for sending the data to external means. When data is available at pin#3 of the serial port and to send this data you have to get permission from control circuit and pin#7 which is in fact RTS pin does this job.
Pin#8 is ‘CTS’. It is known as Clear to send. When pin #7 gets requests to send the data and if it gets the permission then data is now ready to send and pin#8 sends it in serial manner.
Pin#9 is the last pin of serial port it is a ring indicator and it is abbreviated as ‘RI’.

Applications and Usage of Serial Port

Serial port possess a large no of practical applications and usage. It is true that it have been eliminated by the modern technology but still there are many devices which are only connected through serial port. Some of serial port’s applications are listed below as:

They are most commonly used on some engineering projects with micro controller, where they have to communicate with a personal computer or some other similar devices.
Biggest application of serial ports is that they are used to connect to modems.
LCD and flat screen monitors are used to connect to the computers through this serial port device.
Some devices which are used for network sharing are also connected through this serial port. Some networking devices are like firewalls and rotors etc.
Serial port is also used in special applications of GPS (global positioning system) and they are used either to send data or to receive data in serial manner.
Also used for scanning bar codes of different products. Mostly serial port is used in some big shops and markets to detect which product you are selling.
Serial port sends or receive data in a serial manner, so they are also used in some applications where you wish to display some text on a particular LCD.
Serial port is a portable and very much sensitive device and it is also used is modems of satellites and also in some transceivers.
Used in some digital testing and measuring electrical instruments like digital multimeter. Where you measure the voltages or current of a particular system.
Serial ports have a variety of applications in some mechanical design CNC machines. In these machines, serial port is used to transmit or receive data from micro controller of the machine.
Also used in some definite models of UPS (uninterruptible power supply). These UPS are specially designed to operate with computers or LCDs.
Used to connect some old models of printers or digital cameras with your computer.
The early models of telescopes also had a port for serial port and used for serial data communication.
Serial port is also used to operate serial type mouse.

Alright friends, that was all from today’s post. I hope you have learned from today’s post. If you have any problem then, feel free to ask. Till next tutorial Take Care!!!

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Hello friends, i hope you all are fine enjoying. Today i am going to share a new project tutorial which is ‘Getting Started with Arduino Programming’. In the previous tutorial, which was titled as ‘Getting started with Arduino Programming‘, i explained in detail the basics of Arduino software. How this software is installed and run.

Today’s post is also related to arduino software but, the difference is that, in previous post we learn How to use the arduino software, What are the function keys of this software and Where to write the code(sketch) and after writing the sketch, how it is debugged. Now in today’s post which is ‘ Getting started with Arduino Programming’, we will see How a Code is written in Arduino software? What are the built-in functions of Arduino software? How comments are made in sketch? What are the main loops, used in Arduino programming? How pin selection is done in Arduino software? How Digital pins are controlled, which are embeded on Arduino board? To explain this whole software in detail, i have divided this tutorial into major parts and also their sub-parts. Above was a little introduction about what actually we are going to learn in this post. Now without wasting any further time on introduction (as i will be explaining each and every step in below tutorial) i think now we should move towards the actual learning of the Arduino software to use it for programming.

1- How to make Comments in Arduino Programming

I hope that you are a beginner and i will start to elaborate the soaftware from very beginning.
First of all open your Arduino software. Go to file menu, a new window will open, from there click on the Examples and then go the Basics.
After clicking on basics a third new window will open and it will be showing all the basic Arduino built-in basic functions.
For beginners the function named as blink is very useful, so i will also teach you from this basic level tutorial.
When you will click on ‘blink’ option then, a new window will open, which is shown in the image given below:

In the above shown image you can see that we have opened a basic level example from built in Arduino software.
Now under this heading title, i will explain how to make comments in Arduino programming?
This is in fact the syntax to make comments in your sketch.The above code is of very basic level and it elaborates how to blink a single led by using Arduino board.
If you look closely in the above image then you will see that some words are written in the start of the sketch and these words are encloses in these signs ” /* ……….*/ “.

Note:
Comments have no rule in sketch, neither they are as necessary to write in every sketch. We only add them in code to make the code user friendly or to make the user understand that what actually in happening in the code.

An other way to add the comments is to write ” // ……….” before every line in your sketch.
When you will do that before any particular line then, that line will become green and it will no longer have any effect in the sketch.
There is also a little difference in these both techniques of making comments.
First technique is used at that place where we have to write 3 or 4 lines together, or a large paragraph is to introduced in the sketch to make the user understand the sketch. We don’t have make every line comments one by one. So, this method of making comments gives us ease.
While the second technique is used at that place, where we have to make comments in a single line.
Both these techniques have there own purposes and are used at that place where, we wish to use them.

2- Main Loops In Arduino Programming

Now the next step in learning Arduino programming is to learn about the main loops, which are used in Arduino programming.
To see what are the main loops, you simply go to the file menu and click on the new button and a second new window will open, which is shown in the image given below:

Above image is showing the main loops, which are used in Arduino software while programming.
The first loop is ‘void setup’ and the second loop is ‘void loop’.
The syntax to write these both loops is also shown in the above image. But you should don’t worry about the syntax of these loops because the good news is that the software it-self generated the syntax, when you open a new file to write the sketch.
Void setup is the first and the main loop while programming in Arduino. It is used for initialization and for configuration of constant values.
For example while writing a sketch if you are gonna need some constant values in your code then, it is necessary that you must initialize them first in this loop.
If you didn’t initialize those constants first then, code will not execute properly and it will generate error.
The other main loop which is used while using programming in Arduino is “void loop”, as you can also see it from the above given image.
An important thing to note here is that the compiler checks each and every line one by one in steps.
The compiler moves from top to bottom and in the first step, it will read every line of the ” void setup() ” and then it comes to the ” void loop() ” and it reads/compiles every line written in this portion.

Note:
An important thing to remember here is that, the compiler reeds ‘ void setup() ‘ loop only once and on the other hand it reeds the second loop, named as ( void loop() ) again and again.

So from the above given info, we can conclude that ‘ void loop() ‘ is similar to ‘ while(1) ‘ loop, which is in fact an infinite loop.

3- Pin Mode Selection in Arduino Programming

In the above two portions of the today’s tutorial we have seen, How to make comments while doing programming in Arduino software and secondly What are the main loop being used in Arduino programming.
Now we are going to the third stage which is Pin Mode selection in Arduino programming.
If you are aware of the other micro controllers like ATmel series, PIC or AVR, then you may also know that the pin configuration of these micro controllers are fixed.
Which means you have pre-decided input and output pins of the micro controller. Those micro controllers have definite pins for inputs and also for outputs and they can only be used for that specific purpose.
For example if a micro controller have a input port then all the pins on that port will be used to receive data and you can’t use them to send data.
While working with Arduino micro controller gives us a flexibility that every I/O pin available on the board (except for some definite pins like VCC,GND, etc) can be used as input or output pin.
For example if we wish to connect a led at the pin#2 of our Arduino board, which means we are going to make this pin#2 as a output pin.
For Arduino board we will send data to this pin through our code, which means we have made this pin as an output pin.
The syntax to write command to do this function is:

pinMode (2 , OUTPUT)

By writing this command in the code, we have made pin#2 as a output pin.
And if we connect some kind of sensor at this port and we have to take the value of that sensor as an input then, we will have to make pin#2 as an input pin.
In order to make the same pin as an input pin, we will have to write the command in the following syntax:

pinMode (2 , INPUT)

By writing this command, Arduino board will automatically made the pin#2 as an output pin.
Pull-up criteria is also very important in writing any commands for Arduino board.
There is only one problem with all the Arduino boards that, we whenever an un-initialized pin is used in our code then the Arduino board send some garbage value to that particular pin.
To overcome this problem we have to set some particular value for each and every pin. and we ahve to define state of every pin that either it is HIGH or LOW.
For example we can say that the function of pin#3 is that GND is always connected to that pin and if ground is not available at any case then we will send +5V to that pin to keep that pin in a particular position.
The Arduino board command for pull-up purpose is:

pinMode(2 , INPUT_PULLUP);

This command will automatically decide the particular value of every pin.

4- Digital Pins Controlling in Arduino Programming

Now the fourth part of the today’s tutorial in learning of Arduino Programming is How digital pins are controlled while coding in Arduino.
Arduino board is a multi purpose micro controller and it is also capable of sending and receiving data from Digital as well as Analogue data.
It is our choice to make every pin as an input or output pin and similarly either it has to send or receive Digital data or it has to send or receive analogue data.

I/P Digital Pins:

For example, i wish to make my pin#2 as an Digital input pin, which means it will read digital data from some external source.
The command to do this function is given below as:

digitalRead(2);
boolean sensor=digitalRead(2);

The first command is teeling the Arduino compiler to make pin#2 as a digital pin and the compiler will take Digital input data from that pin.
While the second command i have written is to save the command in a variable.
In this command i have introduced a datatype named as ‘boolean’ . You can also change the name of this datatype.
And the name of the variable is ‘sensor’. I have kept the name ‘sensor’ and you can also change this name according to your own choice.

O/P Digital Pins:

Next if you wish to make these pins as an output pins then we can also do that.
Suppose now if you want to make your pin#2 as an output pin and you wish to send data to this pin or you want to define the state of this pin then the commands, which you will write are:

digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(2,LOW);

In the syntax of writing the command, we will first write no of the pin and then we write it’s state.
The first command is showing that we are writing digital data on our pin#2 and we are going to set it in HIGH/ON state.
The second command shows that we are going to set the pin#2 in OFF state.

5- Analogue pins controlling in arduino programming

In this section of the tutorial we are going to see how to control the Analogue pins of an Arduino board.

I/P Analog Pins:

As i have explained above in detail that how we can digitally take or send data using Arduino pins.
An interesting feature is that Arduino board pins can also be used to send or receive data in an analog pattern.
Since my heading is to input analog data, to understand this pattern suppose that you are going to read some analog voltage from pin#2 of arduino board.
In order to do that, the commands which you will write in Arduino software are as:

analogRead(2);
int sensor Value = analogRead(2);

As you can see that the syntax to read Digital and Analog Data is same.
In first command i am reading the analog data from external source at pin#2 of arduino board.
In the next command i have stored that data into a variable named “sensor value” .
After that all the analog data which will appear at pin#2 will be stored in ‘sensor value’.

O/P Analog Pins:

Now if we wish to use the pins of Arduino board as an output pins then it is also very easy and you can also do that by following some simple steps.
If you wish to use any pin to write data or we can say that you wish to turn a switch ON or OFF then, the syntax will be as:

analogWrite (3,HIGH);
analogWrite (3,LOW);

The first is showing that a switch has been connected at pin#3 and you wish to turn it ON and you will write the first command in Arduino sketch.
The second command is showing that a switch is already in ON state, which is connected at pin#3 and we wish to turn it OFF then, we will write the second command in our Arduino sketch.

Alright friends, today’s tutorial was a little bit lengthy but very informative for beginners who are keen to learn Arduino software. If you have any questions then, ask in comments and i will try my best to solve the problem. Till next tutorial take care !!!

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Hello friends, i hope you all are fine and enjoying. As i have been working on a project now a days and the one portion of my current project includes the interfacing of Arduino micro controller with nrf24l01 module. So, i thought why not share this knowledge with you people, maybe you learn something new and more interesting. Few days ago I have also posted a tutorial on Interfacing of XBee with Arduino in which we have seen how to make wireless communication between two XBees which is also an RF module. So, now we are gonna have a look at How to make Wireless Communication between two NRF24L01 modules.

So first of all, lets have a little introduction of nrf24l01 module. NRF24l01 is in fact a Radio Transceiver module and it operates on 2.4 GHz frequency. This module is a by default half- duplex fabricated module and it has the capability to send and receive data simultaneously. By display it is a very small size module but it’s features are astonishing. For example this module is capable of sending from 1 to 25 bytes of raw data simultaneously and the data transmission rate is up to 1 mega bytes per second. If we summarize all the features of this small size but big capability module then, we can say that:

By this module we can send a message to a particular receiver.
We can receive a message from some particular sender. (remember as a told earlier that we can do the both steps simultaneously).
During sending the message through this module, we will have to specify the message sender’s and receiver’s address.
Also we will have to specify the size of that particular message, which we are going to transmit through this module.
In some particular applications, we also have to perform switching between the receiver and sending state. For example, if you are received a particular message then, we will stop the communication first and will read it and then you will send it. So in such situations, we have to perform the switching while sending or receiving data through this module.

Now above was a brief introduction about NRF24l01 module. Now lets move towards the major theme of our project which is the interfacing of arduino micro controller with NRF24l01 module.

Interfacing Arduino with NRF24L01 Module

Arduino micro controller is a very powerful and versatile micro controller and it gives us the ease to perform multitasking. NRF24l01 has total 8 pins. The pin configuration and the function of each pin is described below:

The very first pin is for GND and through the pin#1 of this module, ground is provided to module.
Pin#2 of this module is to provide power supply. This pin is designated as VCC. This module generally needs 1.9 to 3.6 volts for its operation. And in most cases we will apply 3 volts to it.
Pin#3 is designated as CE and it is used to select the mode of operation. Either you are using this module to transmit data or to receive data.
Pin#4 is designated as CSN and it is used to enable the SPI chip, embeded on the module.
Pin#5 is used to provide SPI clock to the module. When this pin is HIGH then, clock is enabled and when this pin is LOW then, the clock to this module is disabled.
Pin#6 is designated as MOSI and it is used to transmit data from this module to the external circuit.
Pin#7 is designated as MISO and if we wish to receive data through this module from any external source then, this pin is enabled.
Pin#8 is the last pin of this module and it is designated as IRQ pin.

In order to do this communication, you will need two Arduino boards and two NRF24L01 modules. Now I suppose that you have these 4 items in your hand. So, first of all, let’s do the transmitter side.

NRF24L01 As Transmitter

Connect your NRF24L01 with Arduino as shown in the below figure:

Total 7 pins of NRF24L01 will be connected while the 8th pin IRQ doesn’t need to connect.
Now, next thing you need to do is to download this RF24 Library of Arduino and place it in the libraries folder of your Arduino software.

Arduino Library for NRF24L01

We haven’t designed this library, we are just sharing it for the engineers to get some help.
Now upload the below sketch into your Arduino which you want to act as Transmitter.

#include <SPI.h>
#include “nRF24L01.h”
#include “RF24.h”
RF24 radio(9,10);
const uint64_t pipes[2] = { 0xF0F0F0F0E1LL, 0xF0F0F0F0D2LL };
unsigned long Command = 1;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(57600);
pinMode(Button1, INPUT);
pinMode(Button2, INPUT);
pinMode(Button3, INPUT);
pinMode(Button4, INPUT);
radio.begin();
radio.setRetries(15,15);
radio.openReadingPipe(1,pipes[1]);
radio.startListening();
radio.printDetails();
radio.openWritingPipe(pipes[0]);
radio.openReadingPipe(1,pipes[1]);
radio.stopListening();
}
void loop(void)
{
radio.stopListening();
radio.write( &Command, sizeof(unsigned long) );
radio.startListening();
delay(1000);
}

In this code, I have marked the variable Command, this is the variable which I am sending via NRF24L01, rite now its value is 1 which you can change.
So, if you want to send 3 you can change its value to 3.
Now lets design the receiver side.

NRF24L01 As Receiver

Again connect your NRF24L01 with Arduino as shown in below figure. Its same as we did for Transmitter side.

Now upload this below code into the Receiver and you will start receiving the value coming from transmitter.

#include <SPI.h>
#include “nRF24L01.h”
#include “RF24.h”
//
// Hardware configuration
//
// Set up nRF24L01 radio on SPI bus plus pins 9 & 10
RF24 radio(9,10);
//
// Topology
//
// Radio pipe addresses for the 2 nodes to communicate.
const uint64_t pipes[2] = { 0xF0F0F0F0E1LL, 0xF0F0F0F0D2LL };
//
// Role management
//
// Set up role. This sketch uses the same software for all the nodes
// in this system. Doing so greatly simplifies testing.
//
// The various roles supported by this sketch
typedef enum { role_ping_out = 1, role_pong_back } role_e;
// The debug-friendly names of those roles
const char* role_friendly_name[] = { “invalid”, “Ping out”, “Pong back”};
// The role of the current running sketch
role_e role = role_pong_back;
void setup(void)
{
Serial.begin(57600);
radio.begin();
radio.setRetries(15,15);
radio.openReadingPipe(1,pipes[1]);
radio.startListening();
radio.printDetails();
radio.openWritingPipe(pipes[1]);
radio.openReadingPipe(1,pipes[0]);
radio.startListening();
}
void loop(void)
{
if ( radio.available() )
{
unsigned long data = 0;
radio.read( &data, sizeof(unsigned long) );
Serial.println(data);
delay(20);
}
}

Now open your Serial Terminal of Receiver side and you will see that you are getting “1” in the Serial Terminal which is the value of Command variable we set in the Transmitter side, as shown in below figure:

Its quite easy and I hope you will make it work in the first attempt but if you still got problem then ask in comments.
I will share more projects on this RF module soon.

That’s all for today, will meet in the next tutorial, till then take care and have fun.

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Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. Today, I am going to share Pure Sine Wave Inverter Simulation in Proteus. I have already posted a tutorial on Pure Sine Wave Inverter Design, which got quite popular and I got a lot of requests on posting its simulation in Proteus. So, I worked on it and finally I got it working and here I am sharing it with your guys. As, it got a lot of effort to design it in Proteus that’s why its not open source but I have placed a very small amount of $50 on it and you can easily buy it from shop by clicking on the below button. It include the complete code as well as the Proteus Simulation working perfectly.

Let’s start with the basics, first of all, I would recommend you to read the Pure Sine Wave Inverter Design as I have shared all the basics in it. AC voltage is actually a fluctuating voltage and is in the form of sine wave. If you got a pure sine wave then it has no losses in it, but if your design has losses then you never got able to get a pure sine wave. Instead you get a modified sine wave. Efficiency of pure sine wave is approximately 100% and you decrease the efficiency your sine wave also start to distract. So, in short pure sine wave contains no losses and is highly desirable.

Note:

The buying package contains complete working Proteus Simulation, along with Programming code and hex file for PIC16F877A.
You can buy it from shop by clicking on below button.

Buy Pure Sine Wave Inverter Simulation in Proteus

Pure Sine Wave Inverter – Logical Model

Now, let’s get started with the pure sine wave inverter simulation in Proteus. In this project I have used 12V DC battery and then converted it into 220V AC voltage and the AC we got was pure sine wave.
In order to do so you have to follow a proper pattern as shown in below figure:

Its quite obvious in the above figure, you are getting 12V supply from a battery so what you need to do is to pass it through a H-bridge. H bridge converter the 12V DC into 12V AC.
This is the most important block for pure sine wave as it does the real working. Depending on the switching of H- bridge either you get a pure sine wave or a modified sine wave.
Switching of H-bridge is done by the Microcontroller, here I have used PIC16F877A, which is normally used.
Now, after H-bridge you have 12V AC voltage, now there’s a need to convert these 12V into 220V so that you could use it and for that I have used Transformer. Its a step up transformer which converts 12V AC into 220V AC.
Finally I have used a small LC circuit which acts as a filter and removes the ripples or noise if there’s any. Noise normally comes from transformer. So, its a good precaution to use a filter rite after Transformer.

Pure Sine Wave Inverter Simulation in Proteus

Following these steps mentioned above, I have designed the Pure Sine Wave Inverter Simulation in Proteus.
First of all, I have designed a power supply to convert 12V into 5V so that I could feed it to microcontroller. The circuit is shown below:

As you can see in the above figure, I have used 12V supply and then converted it into 5V using 7805, which is a voltage regulator. The output of 7805 is then fed to PIC Microcontroller which is 5V.
Next block shown in below figure is the PIC itself and its basic circuit along with AND gates. AND gates are used to convert the signal into positive and negative because normally microcontrollers contain single CCP pin so that’s why I have used one pin here and converted this single signal into positive and negative waveform of sine wave. Figure is shown below:

So here, we are generating the pure sine wave via PWM, the carrier frequency used in this code is 20kHz. Let’s have a look at this scope.

Next comes is the main part which is the H bridge design, where we are inputting these signals coming from the PIC Microcontroller, to switch them accordingly. and after this H-bridge is the Transformer which is converting the 12V into 220V AC output. The image is shown below:

Now let’s have a look on this second scope where we should get the Pure Sine Wave. I have inputted both the terminals of AC into oscilloscope so you will get sine wave on one end and inverted sine wave on the other end, both will be displayed in the oscilloscope. The image is shown below:

Here we got the pure sine wave at the output. Now I am not sharing the code here as I mentioned above we have designed it after a lot of efforts so its not free but we have placed a small amount on it of $50 so that you can buy it. You can get it from the shop by clicking on the button above.
The buying package contains complete working Proteus Simulation along with Programming Code and hex file.

That’s all for today. Will meet in the next post. Till then take care and have fun !!!

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Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. Today’s post is about How to Reset Arduino Programmatically. Sounds a bit weird, yes it is but literally in some cases, this technique is the only choice you have. It recently happened to me in one of my projects, that’s why I know How important it is. Before going into details, let’s first have a look at the resetting feature of Arduino.

If you have worked on any Arduino board, then you must have noticed the RESET pin in Arduino and you may wonder what’s the use of this pin. So, today this pin is gonna get useful. Moreover, you have also noticed that when you uplaod the code in your Arduino board then the Arduino resets, another way of resetting Arduino is by opening the Serial Terminal in Arduino software, while connecting your Arduino board to your computer. As you open the Serial Terminal, the Arduino automatically gets reset. The third way of resetting Arduino is by pressing the push button. When you press and release the push button, Arduino gets reset.

So till now we have seen three ways of resetting Arduino but you have noticed that all of these methods are manual, you have to manually push the button or to open the Serial Terminal or to upload the code. Now in some projects, we have to reset Arduino Programmatically, like we don’t do anything and it just reset itself automatically. Now how can we do that, that’s the topic of today’s tutorial. So, I am gonna share two methods today using which we are gonna reset arduino programmatically. So, let’s start with them.

Reset Arduino Programmatically using RESET Pin

In first method, we are gonna reset Arduino Programmatically using the RESET Pin available on the Arduino board.
So, first of all connect Arduino Reset Pin with any of the digital pins as I have connected it with pin # 4 shown in below figure:

Now upload the below code in your Arduino board and open the Serial Terminal.

int Reset = 4;

void setup() {  
  digitalWrite(Reset, HIGH);
  delay(200); 
  pinMode(Reset, OUTPUT);     
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.println("How to Reset Arduino Programmatically");
  Serial.println("www.TheEngineeringProjects.com");
  delay(200);
}
void loop() 
{
  Serial.println("A");
  delay(1000);               
  Serial.println("B");
  delay(1000);               
  Serial.println("Now we are Resetting Arduino Programmatically");
  Serial.println();
  delay(1000);
  digitalWrite(Reset, LOW);
  Serial.println("Arduino will never reach there.");

}

Now, open your Serial terminal and you will get something as shown in below figure:

As you can see in the above figure, our Arduino is not displaying the line ” Arduino will never reach there” and got reset and then display from start. So that’s how its gonna work.
Now let’s have a look on the second method of How to Reset Arduino Programmatically.

Reset Arduino Programmatically using reset Function

In this method, we are not gonna use any hardware pin, instead we will do everything in programming.
Arduino has a builtin function named as resetFunc() which we need to declare at address 0 and when we execute this function Arduino gets reset automatically.
So, no need of doing anything in hardware and simply upload the below code in your Arduino board.

void(* resetFunc) (void) = 0;
 
void setup() {     
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.println("How to Reset Arduino Programmatically");
  Serial.println("www.TheEngineeringProjects.com");
  delay(200);
}

void loop() 
{
  Serial.println("A");
  delay(1000);               
  Serial.println("B");
  delay(1000);               
  Serial.println("Now we are Resetting Arduino Programmatically");
  Serial.println();
  delay(1000);
  resetFunc();
  Serial.println("Arrduino will never reach there.");
 
}

Now open your Serial Terminal and you will get the same output as we get in the first method and shown below:

In the code you have seen that we defined the function resetFunc() and then where we call tht function, our Arduino get reset at that point.

It was quite a simple tutorial, but if you have any problem then ask in the comments and I will try to resolve them. So that’s all for today and will meet in the next tutorial. Till then take care !!!

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